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The anterior jugular vein varies considerably in size, bearing usually an inverse proportion to the external jugular. [1] Most frequently, there are two anterior jugulars, a right and left. [1] [4] However, there is sometimes only one. [1] A duplicate anterior jugular vein may be present on one side, which may cross over the midline.
Finally, the left and right brachiocephalic veins join to form the superior vena cava, which delivers deoxygenated blood to the right atrium of the heart. [2] The jugular vein has tributaries consisting of petrosal sinus , facial , lingual , pharylingual, the thyroid , and sometimes the occipital vein .
The jugular veins are relatively superficial and not protected by tissues such as bone or cartilage.This makes them susceptible to damage. Due to the large volumes of blood that flow through the jugular veins, damage to the jugulars can quickly cause significant blood loss, which can lead to hypovolæmic shock and then death if not treated.
Just above the sternum the two anterior jugular veins communicate by a transverse trunk, the jugular venous arch (or venous jugular arch), which receive tributaries from the inferior thyroid veins; each also communicates with the internal jugular. There are no valves in this vein.
The external jugular vein is a paired jugular vein which receives the greater part of the blood from the exterior of the cranium and the deep parts of the face, being formed by the junction of the posterior division of the retromandibular vein with the posterior auricular vein.
The term "hepatojugular reflux" was previously used as it was thought that compression of the liver resulted in "reflux" of blood out of the hepatic sinusoids into the inferior vena cava, thereby elevating right atrial pressure and visualized as jugular venous distention. The exact physiologic mechanism of jugular venous distention with a ...
The posterior external jugular vein begins in the occipital region and returns the blood from the skin and superficial muscles in the upper and back part of the neck, lying between the splenius and trapezius.
Non-developmental syndromes also directly or indirectly affect the Great Cerebral Vein of Galen, although they are extremely rare. These include superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS), and thrombosis of the lateral sinus, superior sagittal sinus, internal jugular vein, or of the Great Cerebral Vein of Galen itself. [citation needed]