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A continuous bleaching range is a set of machines to carry out bleaching action. It consists of several compartments in which fabric moves from one side to another with the help of guide rollers and is treated with chemicals, heated, rinsed, and squeezed. Continuous bleaching is possible for the fabrics in open-width or rope form. [6] [7]
A major source of chemical bleaching is hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) that contains a single bond, (–O–O–). When the bond breaks, it gives rise to very reactive oxygen specie, which is the active agent of the bleach. Around sixty percent of the world's hydrogen peroxide is used in chemical bleaching of textiles and wood pulp. [7]
Mercerisation makes the woven cotton fabric stronger, more lustrous, and less abrasive, and improves its dye affinity. Raising lifts the surface fibers to improve the softness and warmth, as in flannelette. Peach Finish subjects the fabric (either cotton or its synthetic blends) to emery wheels, making the surface velvet-like. This is a special ...
Scouring is an essential pre-treatment for the subsequent finishing stages that include bleaching, dyeing, and printing. [5] Raw and unfinished textiles contain a significant amount of impurities, both natural and foreign.
Slip stitch – form of blind stitch for fastening two pieces of fabric together from the right side without the thread showing; Stoating – used to join two pieces of woven material, such that the resulting stitches are not visible from the right side of the cloth; Straight stitch – the basic stitch in hand-sewing and embroidery
If the fabric is to be dyed a deep shade, then lower levels of bleaching are acceptable. However, for white bedsheets and medical applications, the highest levels of whiteness and absorbency are essential. Reductive bleaching is also carried out, using sodium hydrosulphite.
Methods are used to "resist" or prevent the dye from reaching all the cloth, thereby creating a pattern and ground. The most common forms use wax, some type of paste, or a mechanical resist that manipulates the cloth such as tying or stitching. Resist techniques include screen printing, tie-dye, ikat, and batik. [39] royal purple
The bleaching, dyeing, printing, and finishing stages of the textile industry are mostly to blame because they use water as their main medium to put dyes and chemicals on textiles. [ 15 ] [ 6 ] In the last few decades, it has become an increasingly important part of a dyer's job to think about how dyes and processes affect the environment. [ 1 ]