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Serotonin syndrome (SS) is a group of symptoms that may occur with the use of certain serotonergic medications or drugs. [1] The symptoms can range from mild to severe, and are potentially fatal. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 2 ] Symptoms in mild cases include high blood pressure and a fast heart rate ; usually without a fever . [ 2 ]
Serotonin (/ ˌ s ɛr ə ˈ t oʊ n ɪ n, ˌ s ɪər ə-/) [6] [7] [8] or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter.Its biological function is complex, touching on diverse functions including mood, cognition, reward, learning, memory, and numerous physiological processes such as vomiting and vasoconstriction.
Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) such as venlafaxine (Effexor), its active metabolite desvenlafaxine (Pristiq), and duloxetine (Cymbalta) prevent the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine, however their efficacy appears to be only marginally greater than the SSRIs.
A recent study reports increased serotonin transporter binding in psychotropic medication-naive patients with generalized social anxiety disorder. [116] Although there is little evidence of abnormality in serotonin neurotransmission, the limited efficacy of medications which affect serotonin levels may indicate the role of this pathway.
While MAOIs, TCAs and SSRIs increase serotonin levels, others prevent serotonin from binding to 5-HT 2A receptors, suggesting it is too simplistic to say serotonin is a "happy neurotransmitter". In fact, when the former antidepressants build up in the bloodstream and the serotonin level is increased, it is common for the patient to feel worse ...
Viibryd – an antidepressant of the serotonin modulator and stimulators class; Vivactil (protriptyline) an antidepressant also used in the treatment of nerve pain; Vraylar (cariprazine) – atypical antipsychotic used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar mania
The observation of this efficacy led to the monoamine hypothesis of depression, which postulates that the deficit of certain neurotransmitters is responsible for depression, and even that certain neurotransmitters are linked to specific symptoms. Normal serotonin levels have been linked to mood and behaviour regulation, sleep, and digestion ...
In the brain, serotonin is a neurotransmitter and regulates arousal, behavior, sleep, and mood, among other things. [9] During prolonged exercise where central nervous system fatigue is present, serotonin levels in the brain are higher than normal physiological conditions; these higher levels can increase perceptions of effort and peripheral muscle fatigue. [9]