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For example, the capacity (adapter and spacecraft mass) of the Delta IV Heavy is 14,200 kg to GTO, or 6,750 kg directly to geostationary orbit. [2] If the maneuver from GTO to GEO is to be performed with a single impulse, as with a single solid-rocket motor, apogee must occur at an equatorial crossing and at synchronous orbit altitude.
The European Ariane 5 first flew in 1996 and launched many commercial payloads to GTO. It benefited in this role by launching from Guiana Space Center, a spaceport near the equator in French territory. Ariane 5 often carried multiple payloads per launch and set records for mass to GTO delivered for commercial payloads.
A large spacecraft such as the International Space Station can be constructed by assembling modules in orbit, or in-space propellant transfer conducted to greatly increase the delta-V capabilities of a cislunar or deep space vehicle. Distributed launch enables space missions that are not possible with single launch architectures. [13]
Galactocentric orbit: [2] An orbit about the center of a galaxy. The Sun follows this type of orbit about the Galactic Center of the Milky Way. Heliocentric orbit: An orbit around the Sun. In the Solar System, all planets, comets, and asteroids are in such orbits, as are many artificial satellites and pieces of space debris.
The Satellite Catalog Number (SATCAT), also known as NORAD Catalog Number, NORAD ID, USSPACECOM object number, is a sequential nine-digit number assigned by the United States Space Command (USSPACECOM), and previously the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), in the order of launch or discovery to all artificial objects in the orbits of Earth and those that left Earth's orbit. [1]
[note 2] Liquid-propellant rockets have a motor that feeds liquid propellant(s) into a combustion chamber. Most liquid engines use a bipropellant , consisting of two liquid propellants (fuel and oxidizer) which are stored and handled separately before being mixed and burned inside the combustion chamber.
Procedure Language for Users in Test and Operations, European Cooperation for Space Standardization (ECSS). [11] • STOL - Systems Test and Operation Language, NASA GSFC. [12] • Timeliner‑TLX - Command language and executive used on the International Space Station, developed by Draper Lab and NASA-JSC. [13] [14] • TSTOL -
The call sign of the International Space Station was Alpha, now Station. When different space missions and different control centers work together in joint operations, for example when a Dragon capsule docks to the ISS, NASA connects all communication channels using what is known as the Big Loop. [10]