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Aflatoxin M 1 may be found in milk, including human milk. In cows, sheep, goats and buffaloes that have consumed feeds contaminated with aflatoxin B 1, aflatoxin M 1 will be formed as a result of the metabolic process in the livers of ruminants and excreted in their milk. Humans can be exposed to the toxins through consumption of contaminated ...
After entering the body, aflatoxins may be metabolized by the liver to a reactive epoxide intermediate or hydroxylated to become the less harmful aflatoxin M 1. Aflatoxin poisoning most commonly results from ingestion, but the most toxic aflatoxin compound, B 1, can permeate through the skin. [15]
The synthesis of racemic aflatoxin B1 has been reported by Buechi et al. in 1967 [3] and that of racemic aflatoxin B2 by Roberts et al. in 1968 [4] The group of Barry Trost of Stanford University is responsible for the enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-Aflatoxin B 1 and B 2a in 2003. [5]
Aflatoxin B 1, the most toxic, is a potent carcinogen and has been directly correlated to adverse health effects, such as liver cancer, in many animal species. [11] Aflatoxins are largely associated with commodities produced in the tropics and subtropics , such as cotton , peanuts , spices , pistachios , and maize .
The discovery of aflatoxins led to substantial changes in agricultural practices and regulations on how grains and legumes were grown, harvested, and stored. [21] The amount of aflatoxins produced by A. flavus is affected by environmental factors. If other competitive fungal organisms are present on host plants, aflatoxin production is low.
Macrophage polarization is a process by which macrophages adopt different functional programs in response to the signals from their microenvironment. This ability is connected to their multiple roles in the organism: they are powerful effector cells of the innate immune system, but also important in removal of cellular debris, embryonic development and tissue repair.
Aflatoxin B 1 is an aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. It is a very potent carcinogen with a TD 50 3.2 μg/kg/day in rats. [ 4 ] This carcinogenic potency varies across species with some, such as rats and monkeys, seemingly much more susceptible than others.
A type of aflatoxin, AFB1, is the most common mycotoxin that is found in human food and animal feed. [38] AFB1 targets the liver of both humans and animals. [ 38 ] Acute aflatoxicosis can make humans and animals have symptoms like abdominal pain, vomiting, and even death.
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