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At pH below 2, the majority of the chlorine in the solution is in the form of dissolved elemental Cl 2. At pH greater than 7.4, the majority is in the form of hypochlorite ClO −. [10] The equilibrium can be shifted by adding acids (such as hydrochloric acid) or bases (such as sodium hydroxide) to the solution:
Adel (/ ˈ eɪ d ɛ l /) is a city in and the county seat of Cook County, Georgia, United States, [4] located fifty-two miles (84 km) southeast of Albany. As of the 2020 census , the city had a population of 5,571.
Cook County is a county located in the south central portion of the U.S. state of Georgia.As of the 2020 census, the population was 17,229. [1] The county seat is Adel. [2] The constitutional amendment to create the county was proposed July 30, 1918, and ratified November 5, 1918.
A 1-in-47 dilution of household bleach with water (1 part bleach to 47 parts water: e.g. one teaspoon of bleach in a cup of water, or 21 ml per litre, or 1 / 3 cup of bleach in a gallon of water) is effective against many bacteria and some viruses in homes. [33]
Common examples include sodium hypochlorite (household bleach) and calcium hypochlorite (a component of bleaching powder, swimming pool "chlorine"). [1] The Cl-O distance in ClO − is 1.69 Å. [2] The name can also refer to esters of hypochlorous acid, namely organic compounds with a ClO– group covalently bound to the rest of the molecule.
In pH testing of bleach substances, sodium thiosulfate neutralizes the color-removing effects of bleach and allows one to test the pH of bleach solutions with liquid indicators. The relevant reaction is akin to the iodine reaction: thiosulfate reduces the hypochlorite (the active ingredient in bleach ) and in so doing becomes oxidized to sulfate.
The pH range is commonly given as zero to 14, but a pH value can be less than 0 for very concentrated strong acids or greater than 14 for very concentrated strong bases. [2] The pH scale is traceable to a set of standard solutions whose pH is established by international agreement. [3]
The United States Environmental Protection Agency has set a maximum level of 0.8 mg/L for chlorine dioxide in drinking water. [49] The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), an agency of the United States Department of Labor , has set an 8-hour permissible exposure limit of 0.1 ppm in air (0.3 mg / m 3 ) for people working with ...