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English: Skeleton of a dog: A – Cervical or Neck Bones (7 in number).B – Dorsal or Thoracic Bones (13 in number, each bearing a rib).C – Lumbar Bones (7 in number).D – Sacral Bones (3 in number).
Abfraction is a form of non-carious tooth tissue loss that occurs along the gingival margin. [2] In other words, abfraction is a mechanical loss of tooth structure that is not caused by tooth decay, located along the gum line. There is theoretical evidence to support the concept of abfraction, but little experimental evidence exists. [3]
The antegonial notch is a subtle indentation located on the inferior border of the mandible, immediately anterior to the angle of the mandible. It marks the transition between the inferior border of the mandibular body and the anterior border of the mandibular ramus .
Teeth play a vital role in an animal's survival; they are used for eating, grooming and defense. [2] [5] Each tooth is made up of a crown, which is above the gum line and covered in enamel, and roots that anchor the tooth to the alveolar bone. [2] [6] Beneath the enamel, there are collagen fibres and inorganic hydroxyapatite, which together ...
The sabre-tooth water deer of China is often called the vampire deer due to the exceptionally long canine teeth in the males. In many species the canine teeth in the upper or lower jaw, or in both jaws, are much larger in males than in females, where they are sometimes hidden or completely absent.
Hand instruments are specially designed tools used by dental professionals to remove plaque and calculus deposits that have formed on the teeth. [39] [40] These tools include scalers, curettes, jaquettes, hoes, files and chisels. [39] [40] Each type of tool is designed to be used in specific areas of the mouth. [40]
The cleavage model was first proposed in 1993 based on work done with Drosophila Notch and C. elegans lin-12, [16] [17] informed by the first oncogenic mutation affecting a human Notch gene. [18] Compelling evidence for this model was provided in 1998 by in vivo analysis in Drosophila by Gary Struhl [19] and in cell culture by Raphael Kopan. [20]
The dashes (-) in the formula are likewise not mathematical operators, but spacers, meaning "to": for instance the human formula is 2.1.2.2-3 2.1.2.2-3 meaning that people may have 2 or 3 molars on each side of each jaw. 'd' denotes deciduous teeth (i.e. milk or baby teeth); lower case also indicates temporary teeth.