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Protocol Buffers (Protobuf) is a free and open-source cross-platform data format used to serialize structured data. It is useful in developing programs that communicate with each other over a network or for storing data.
C# is a language in which the null object pattern can be properly implemented. This example shows animal objects that display sounds and a NullAnimal instance used in place of the C# null keyword. The null object provides consistent behaviour and prevents a runtime null reference exception that would occur if the C# null keyword were used instead.
For example, 3.14 will be serialized to 3.140 000 000 000 000 124 344 978 758 017 532 527 446 746 826 171 875. ^ XML data bindings and SOAP serialization tools provide type-safe XML serialization of programming data structures into XML.
FlatBuffers can be used in software written in C++, C#, C, Go, Java, JavaScript, Kotlin, Lobster, Lua, PHP, Python, Rust, Swift, and TypeScript. The schema compiler runs on Android , Microsoft Windows , macOS , and Linux , [ 3 ] but games and other programs use FlatBuffers for serialization work on many other operating systems as well ...
MessagePack is more compact than JSON, but imposes limitations on array and integer sizes.On the other hand, it allows binary data and non-UTF-8 encoded strings. In JSON, map keys have to be strings, but in MessagePack there is no such limitation and any type can be a map key, including types like maps and arrays, and, like YAML, numbers.
Objects other than strings can be interned. For example, in Java, when primitive values are boxed into a wrapper object, certain values (any boolean, any byte, any char from 0 to 127, and any short or int between −128 and 127) are interned, and any two boxing conversions of one of these values are guaranteed to result in the same object. [6]
.NET supports a "7-bit encoded int" format in the BinaryReader and BinaryWriter classes. [10] When writing a string to a BinaryWriter, the string length is encoded with this method. Minecraft uses LEB128 in its protocol for measuring lengths of data within packets. [11] The mpatrol debugging tool uses LEB128 in its tracing file format. [12]
[note 1] For example, the representation of numbers was chosen to match the representation the most popular CPU architectures. [4] When the in-memory and wire-protocol representations match, Cap'n Proto can avoid copying and encoding data when creating or reading a message and instead point to the location of the value in memory. Cap'n Proto ...