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Global rates of chikungunya infection are variable, depending on outbreaks. When chikungunya was first identified in 1952, it had a low-level circulation in West Africa, with infection rates linked to rainfall. Beginning in the 1960s, periodic outbreaks were documented in Asia and Africa.
Outbreaks of chikungunya, on average, have low mortality rates. [2] As it is generally a nonfatal disease, prevalence rates during most outbreaks are higher than incidence rates. [ 6 ] Recently, it was discovered that approximately 39% of the worldwide population resides in environments where the chikungunya virus is endemic. [ 7 ]
The 2013–2014 chikungunya outbreak represented the first recorded outbreak of the disease outside of tropical Africa and Asia. In December 2013, the first locally transmitted case of chikungunya in the Americas was detected in Saint Martin. Shortly after the first case the disease began to spread rapidly throughout the Caribbean region.
Because of the high mortality rate, EEE and WEE are regarded as two of the most serious mosquito-borne diseases in the United States. Symptoms range from mild flu-like illness to encephalitis, coma, and death. [9] Viruses carried by arthropods such as mosquitoes or ticks are known collectively as arboviruses. West Nile virus was accidentally ...
Scabies (also sometimes known as the seven-year itch) is a contagious human skin infestation by the tiny (0.2–0.45 mm) mite Sarcoptes scabiei, variety hominis. The word is from Latin: scabere, lit. 'to scratch'. The most common symptoms are severe itchiness and a pimple -like rash. Occasionally, tiny burrows may appear on the skin. In a first-ever infection, the infected person usually ...
However it will be hard to classify exactly why the range shifts or an increase in infection rates occurs as there are many other factors to consider besides climate change, such as human migration, poverty, infrastructure quality, and land usage; but climate change is still potentially a key factor. [29]
A Chikungunya vaccine is a vaccine intended to provide acquired immunity against the chikungunya virus. [5] The most commonly reported side effects include headache, fatigue, muscle pain, joint pain, fever, nausea and tenderness at the injection site. [8] The first chikungunya vaccine was approved for medical use in the United States in ...
Today, dengue cases are declining in Sri Lanka, with 25,067 total cases in 2021. [14] Dengue is still present with new strains (serotypes DENV-3 and DENV-4) becoming more prominent and threatening future outbreaks. [7] Combined with the COVID-19 pandemic, there is still immense pressure on healthcare and trade networks.