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The verse literally translates to "There is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus". [2] David Scholer, New Testament scholar at Fuller Theological Seminary, believes that the passage is "the fundamental Pauline theological basis for the inclusion of women and men as equal and mutual partners in all of the ministries of the church."
Men's restrictive emotionality has been shown to influence health, emotional appraisal, and overall identity. Furthermore, tendencies toward restrictive emotionality are correlated with an increased risk of certain anxiety disorders. [2] Research has suggested that women express emotions more frequently than men on average. [3]
Biblical patriarchy is similar to complementarianism, and many of their differences are only ones of degree and emphasis. [10] While complementarianism holds to exclusively male leadership in the church and in the home, biblical patriarchy extends that exclusion to the civic sphere as well, so that women should not be civil leaders [11] and indeed should not have careers outside the home. [12]
Experiencing pride was more frequent and intense for men than for women. [26] [page needed] In imagined frightening situations, such as being home alone and witnessing a stranger walking towards your house, women reported greater fear. Women also reported more fear in situations that involved "a male's hostile and aggressive behavior".
Women and men are also different in how they neurologically process emotional prosody. In an fMRI study, men showed a stronger activation in more cortical areas than female subjects when processing the meaning or manner of an emotional phrase. In the manner task, men had more activation in the bilateral middle temporal gyri.
Besant finds the explanation given in Timothy for the inferiority of women — that men are superior because Adam was created before Eve — to be absurd, implying that animals are superior to man, as the Bible states that animals were created even earlier.
Additionally, females may recognize males' angry emotions better than males, while males may recognize females' happy emotions better than females. Studies have found that a gender gap in empathy is also present in other animals, such as gorillas, rats or corvids; with females showing higher levels of empathy than males. [8]
So while patriarchy is not the sole explanation for violence against women, we would expect that male headship would be distorted by insecure, unhealthy men to justify their domination and abuse of women." [5] Few empirical studies have examined the relationship between religion and domestic violence. [6]