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Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is any breast cancer that either lacks or shows low levels of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression and/or gene amplification (i.e. the tumor is negative on all three tests giving the name triple-negative). [1]
This is a list of major breast cancer cell lines that ... List of cell lines. Cell line Primary tumor Origin of cells Estrogen receptors Progesterone receptors ...
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 16 February 2025. Cancer that originates in mammary glands Medical condition Breast cancer An illustration of breast cancer Specialty Surgical oncology Symptoms A lump in a breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, fluid from the nipple, a newly inverted nipple, a red scaly patch of skin on ...
[65] [64] The combination of natural oral progesterone or the atypical progestin dydrogesterone with estrogen has been associated with less risk of breast cancer than progestins plus estrogen. [66] [67] [68] However, this may simply be an artifact of the low progesterone levels produced with oral progesterone.
Moreover, breast cancer risk is heightened following use of the combined oral contraceptive pill and combined hormone replacement therapy. [4] Armed with this evidence that endogenous and exogenous changes in estrogen and progesterone levels modulate the risk of breast cancer, it is apparent that hormones can play a key role in breast cancer.
Staging breast cancer is the initial step to help physicians determine the most appropriate course of treatment. As of 2016, guidelines incorporated biologic factors, such as tumor grade, cellular proliferation rate, estrogen and progesterone receptor expression, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) expression, and gene expression profiling into the staging system.
Estrogen deprivation therapy, also known as endocrine therapy, is a form of hormone therapy that is used in the treatment of breast cancer.Modalities include antiestrogens or estrogen blockers such as selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) such as tamoxifen, selective estrogen receptor degraders such as fulvestrant, and aromatase inhibitors such as anastrozole and ovariectomy.
NSAIs are used to treat hormone-dependent breast cancer. If almost all cancer cells express either estrogen or progesterone receptors it is a possibility that anti-estrogen treatment will work. If there are more hormone receptors on the cancer cells then the treatment is more likely to be efficient. The receptors need estrogen and progesterone ...