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A risk premium is a measure of excess return that is required by an individual to compensate being subjected to an increased level of risk. [1] It is used widely in finance and economics, the general definition being the expected risky return less the risk-free return, as demonstrated by the formula below. [2]
By deducting the projected expected return of risk-free bonds from the estimated expected return of stocks, the risk premium can be calculated. For example, if the return on a stock is 17% and the risk-free rate over the same period of time is 9%, then the equity-risk premium would be 8% for the stock over that period of time. [5] Some analysts ...
The expected return (or expected gain) on a financial investment is the expected value of its return (of the profit on the investment). It is a measure of the center of the distribution of the random variable that is the return. [1] It is calculated by using the following formula: [] = = where
The "expected shortfall at q% level" is the expected return on the portfolio in the worst % of cases. ES is an alternative to value at risk that is more sensitive to the shape of the tail of the loss distribution. Expected shortfall is also called conditional value at risk (CVaR), [1] average value at risk (AVaR), expected tail loss (ETL), and ...
Subject to the "fortuity principle", the event must be uncertain. The uncertainty can be either as to when the event will happen (e.g. in a life insurance policy, the time of the insured's death is uncertain) or as to if it will happen at all (e.g. in a fire insurance policy, whether or not a fire will occur at all). [4]
The lowest of all is the risk-free rate of return. The risk-free rate has zero risk (most modern major governments will inflate and monetise their debts rather than default upon them), but the return is positive because there is still both the time-preference and inflation premium components of minimum expected rates of return that must be met ...
Reinsurance sidecars, conventionally referred to as "sidecars", are financial structures that are created to allow investors to take on the risk and return of a group of insurance policies (a "book of business") written by an insurer or reinsurer (henceforth re/insurer) and earn the risk and return that arises from that business. A re/insurer ...
E(R i) is an expected return on security E(R M) is an expected return on market portfolio M β is a nondiversifiable or systematic risk R M is a market rate of return R f is a risk-free rate. When used in portfolio management, the SML represents the investment's opportunity cost (investing in a combination of the market portfolio and the risk ...