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Non-epileptic seizures (NES), also known as pseudoseizures, non-epileptic attack disorder (NEAD), functional seizures, or dissociative seizures, are paroxysmal events that appear similar to an epileptic seizure, but do not involve abnormal, rhythmic discharges of neurons in the brain. [1]
Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES), also referred to as pseudoseizures, non-epileptic attack disorder (NEAD), functional seizures, or dissociative seizures, [2] [3] are episodes resembling an epileptic seizure but without the characteristic electrical discharges associated with epilepsy.
Otherwise, the lack of typical postictal symptoms, such as confusion and lethargy following convulsive seizures, may be a sign of non-epileptic seizures. Usually such seizures are instead related to syncope or have a psychogenic origin ("pseudoseizures"). [3] The postictal state can also be useful for determining the focus of the seizure.
Reflex anoxic seizures are not epileptic seizures or epilepsy. [1] This is usually a consequence of a reduction in cerebral perfusion by oxygenated blood. It can be a result of either a sudden reduction in the blood flow to the brain, a drop in the oxygen content of the blood supplying the brain, or a combination of the two.
In the field of neurology, seizure types are categories of seizures defined by seizure behavior, symptoms, and diagnostic tests.The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) 2017 classification of seizures is the internationally recognized standard for identifying seizure types. [1]
Non-epileptic seizures – these may look like epileptic seizures or faints; Movement disorders including tremors, dystonia (spasms), myoclonus (jerky movements) Visual symptoms including loss of vision or double vision; Speech symptoms including dysphonia (whispering speech), slurred or stuttering speech
Because epileptic seizures typically include convulsions, the term convulsion is often used as a synonym for seizure. [1] However, not all epileptic seizures result in convulsions, and not all convulsions are caused by epileptic seizures. [1] [2] Non-epileptic convulsions have no relation with epilepsy, and are caused by non-epileptic seizures. [1]
Ictal non-epileptic headache. Rare cases are reported. [ 10 ] It is a condition that can be differentiated with certainty from the previous one if the headache episode is also present outside the seizure, that is, before and/or after, without specific EEG abnormalities.