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Drugs given by enteral administration may be subjected to significant first pass metabolism, and therefore, the amount of drug entering the systemic circulation following administration may vary significantly for different individuals and drugs. Rectal administration is not subject to extensive first pass metabolism.
The reasons for rectal administration are largely the same as with medicinal drugs: Bypassing the first-pass effect, fast onset, and a relatively high bioavailability with some drugs. [ 7 ] Rectal administration is sometimes thought of as a safer alternative to intravenous injection of psychoactive substances, [ 8 ] which carries a significant ...
A health professional demonstrates how to offer oral medication to a dummy. Oral administration of a liquid. Oral administration is a route of administration whereby a substance is taken through the mouth, swallowed, and then processed via the digestive system. This is a common route of administration for many medications.
Furthermore, after absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, such drugs must pass to the liver, where they may be extensively altered; this is known as the first pass effect of drug metabolism. Due to the digestive activity of the stomach and intestines, the oral route is unsuitable for certain substances, such as salvinorin A
These medications can come in the form of tablets, films, or sprays. Many drugs are designed for sublingual administration, including cardiovascular drugs, steroids, barbiturates, opioid analgesics with poor gastrointestinal bioavailability, enzymes and, increasingly, vitamins and minerals.
Buccal administration may provide better bioavailability of some drugs and a more rapid onset of action compared to oral administration because the medication does not pass through the digestive system and thereby avoids first pass metabolism. [1] Drug forms for buccal administration include tablets and thin films.
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The Merck Manuals (outside the U.S. and Canada: The MSD Manuals; Chinese: 默沙东诊疗手册; pinyin: Mòshādōng Zhěnliáo Shǒucè) are medical references published by the American pharmaceutical company Merck & Co. (known as MSD outside the United States and Canada), that cover a wide range of medical topics, including disorders, tests, diagnoses, and drugs.