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The first peer-reviewed publication might have been the Medical Essays and Observations published by the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1731. The present-day peer-review system evolved from this 18th-century process, [6] began to involve external reviewers in the mid-19th-century, [7] and did not become commonplace until the mid-20th-century. [8]
Automated essay scoring (AES) is the use of specialized computer programs to assign grades to essays written in an educational setting. It is a form of educational assessment and an application of natural language processing .
By 2014 it had accumulated more than 305,000 citations. The 10 most cited papers all had more than 40,000 citations. [14] To reach the top-100 papers required 12,119 citations by 2014. [14] Of Thomson Reuter's Web of Science database with more than 58 million items only 14,499 papers (~0.026%) had more than 1,000 citations in 2014. [14]
The National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program (NSF-GRFP) is a grant awarded annually by the National Science Foundation to approximately 2,000 students pursuing research-based Master's and doctoral degrees in the natural, social, and engineering sciences at US institutions. As of 2024, the fellowship provides an ...
The Fannie and John Hertz Foundation is an American non-profit organization that awards prestigious [3] fellowships to Ph.D. students in the applied physical, biological and engineering sciences. The fellowship provides students with up to $250,000 of support over five years, giving them flexibility and the ability to pursue their own interests ...
Journal ranking is widely used in academic circles in the evaluation of an academic journal's impact and quality. Journal rankings are intended to reflect the place of a journal within its field, the relative difficulty of being published in that journal, and the prestige associated with it.
In 1973 teachers in the California State University and Colleges system used the Advanced Placement adjusted-rater system to score essays written by matriculating students for advance English composition credit. [47] Pooled-rater holistic scoring was tested as early as 1950 by the Educational Testing Service (using the term "wholistic"). [48]
Stem Cell Research is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal covering research on stem cells. The journal was established in 2007 and is published 8 times per year by Elsevier . The editor-in-chief is Thomas Zwaka ( Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai ).