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Substitutionary atonement, also called vicarious atonement, is the idea that Jesus died "for us". [1] There is also a less technical use of the term "substitution" in discussion about atonement when it is used in "the sense that [Jesus, through his death,] did for us that which we can never do for ourselves". [note 3]
Both affirm the substitutionary and vicarious nature of the atonement, but penal substitution offers a specific explanation as to what the suffering is for: punishment. [citation needed] Augustine teaches substitutionary atonement. However, the specific interpretation differed as to what this suffering for sinners meant.
The phrase 'vicarious atonement' is sometimes used as a synonym for penal substitution, and is also sometimes used to describe other, non-penal substitutionary, theories of atonement. [129] [130] Care needs to be taken to understand what is being referred to by the various terms used in different contexts. [131] [132]
Penal substitution, also called penal substitutionary atonement and especially in older writings forensic theory, [1] [2] is a theory of the atonement within Protestant Christian theology, which declares that Christ, voluntarily submitting to God the Father's plan, was punished (penalized) in the place of (substitution) sinners, thus satisfying the demands of justice and propitiation, so God ...
The moral influence or moral example theory of atonement, developed or most notably propagated by Abelard (1079–1142), [1] [2] [note 1] is an alternative to Anselm's satisfaction theory of atonement. [1] Abelard focused on changing man's perception of God as not offended, harsh, and judgmental, but as loving. [1]
Substitution by atonement: The sufferings of Christ are an atonement for sin by substitution, in the sense that they were intentionally endured for sinners under judicial condemnation, and for the sake of their forgiveness. [20] Objective paradigm: Because Christ's atonement is substitutionary, the theory is based on an objective paradigm. [23]
Free grace theologians hold to unlimited atonement and to penal substitutionary atonement. The theology also distinguishes between two kinds of forgiveness: positional and familial. Free grace theologians hold that positional forgiveness is received through faith alone, while familial forgiveness through confession.
In his book, Aulén identifies three main types of atonement theories: [8] [9] The earliest was what Aulén called the "classic" view of the atonement, more commonly known as the ransom theory, or since Aulén's work, it is known sometimes as the "Christus Victor" theory: this is the theory that Adam and Eve made humanity subject to the Devil during the fall, and that God, in order to redeem ...