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Broadly, modern glass container factories are three-part operations: the "batch house", the "hot end", and the "cold end". The batch house handles the raw materials; the hot end handles the manufacture proper—the forehearth, forming machines, and annealing ovens; and the cold end handles the product-inspection and packaging equipment.
The Fourcault process is a method of manufacturing plate glass. First developed in Belgium by Émile Fourcault (1862–1919) during the early 1900s, the process was used globally. Fourcault is an example of a "vertical draw" process, in that the glass is drawn against gravity in an upward direction. [1] Gravity forces influence parts of the ...
Pressed glass: The most important innovation for the 1820s was the development of machine pressed glass—pressing glass into a mold. [21] Although pressing glass by hand had long existed, mechanical pressing of glass did not exist until the 1820s—and it was an American invention. [ 29 ]
However, oxygen-fired glass furnaces are usually not viable for the production of bulk glass, such as hollow and flat glass, due to the high cost of oxygen production. There are many different types of glass melting furnaces. The types of furnaces used in glass manufacturing include the so-called "end-fired", "side-fired" and "oxy-fuel" furnaces.
The American glass manufacturers also had to compete with English glassmakers. By 1740, English glassmakers produced good quality window glass and some of the best lead crystal glassware available. English trade restrictions caused most of the glassware purchased in America before the American Revolutionary War to be English–made. [ 70 ]
Owens was also involved with improving a process that used a machine for making window glass, which changed the way window glass was produced. [100] To accomplish the change in window glassmaking, Owens hired Irving Wightman Colburn after purchasing his patents involved with the new process.
Glass casting is the process in which glass objects are cast by directing molten glass into a mould where it solidifies. The technique has been used since the 15th century BCE in both Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. Modern cast glass is formed by a variety of processes such as kiln casting or casting into sand, graphite or metal moulds.
Machine drawn cylinder sheet was the first mechanical method for "drawing" window glass. Cylinders of glass 40 feet (12 m) high are drawn vertically from a circular tank. The glass is then annealed and cut into 7 to 10 foot (2 to 3 m) cylinders. These are cut lengthways, reheated, and flattened.