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The area of the blue region converges on the Euler–Mascheroni constant, which is the 0th Stieltjes constant. In mathematics , the Stieltjes constants are the numbers γ k {\displaystyle \gamma _{k}} that occur in the Laurent series expansion of the Riemann zeta function :
The notation γ appears nowhere in the writings of either Euler or Mascheroni, and was chosen at a later time, perhaps because of the constant's connection to the gamma function. [3] For example, the German mathematician Carl Anton Bretschneider used the notation γ in 1835, [ 4 ] and Augustus De Morgan used it in a textbook published in parts ...
In mathematics, the Euler–Maclaurin formula is a formula for the difference between an integral and a closely related sum.It can be used to approximate integrals by finite sums, or conversely to evaluate finite sums and infinite series using integrals and the machinery of calculus.
The method also has theoretical applications: for example, Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet introduced the technique in 1849 to obtain the estimate [1] [2] = + + (), where γ is the Euler–Mascheroni constant.
The interpolating function is in fact closely related to the digamma function = (+) +, where ψ(x) is the digamma function, and γ is the Euler–Mascheroni constant. The integration process may be repeated to obtain H x , 2 = ∑ k = 1 ∞ ( − 1 ) k − 1 k ( x k ) H k . {\displaystyle H_{x,2}=\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k-1}}{k}}{x ...
where is the Euler–Mascheroni constant. The sum converges for all complex z {\displaystyle z} , and we take the usual value of the complex logarithm having a branch cut along the negative real axis.
Euler's product formula for the gamma function, combined with the functional equation and an identity for the Euler–Mascheroni constant, yields the following expression for the digamma function, valid in the complex plane outside the negative integers (Abramowitz and Stegun 6.3.16): [1]
For this reason, the Euler method is said to be a first-order method, while the midpoint method is second order. We can extrapolate from the above table that the step size needed to get an answer that is correct to three decimal places is approximately 0.00001, meaning that we need 400,000 steps.