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In 1990, the treatment became the first therapy approved for use by the FDA against solid NMIBC tumors [10] [11] and remains the "gold standard" treatment more than 40 years later. [12] In 2018, BCG was described in the Canadian Urological Association Journal as "the most effective, and longest continually used immunotherapy for any cancer." [13]
Nogapendekin alfa inbakicept, sold under the brand name Anktiva, is a fixed-dose combination medication used for the treatment of bladder cancer. [1] It is an interleukin-15 receptor agonist. [ 1 ] It is given in combination with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin via intravesical drug delivery . [ 1 ]
Bladder cancer in cats and dogs usually is transitional cell carcinoma, [1] which arises from the epithelial cells that line the bladder. Less often, cancer of the urinary bladder is squamous cell carcinoma , adenocarcinoma , or rhabdomyosarcoma .
Bladder cancer is most common in wealthier regions of the world, where exposure to certain carcinogens is highest. It is also common in places where schistosome infection is common, such as North Africa. [47] Bladder cancer is much more common in men than women; around 1.1% of men and 0.27% of women develop bladder cancer. [2]
There is limited information about canine tumor antigens, which is the reason for the lack of tumor-specific vaccines and immunotherapy treatment plans for dogs. [13] Success of treatment depends on the form and extent of the cancer and the aggressiveness of the therapy. Early detection offers the best chance for successful treatment.
One of the oldest forms of cancer immunotherapy is the use of BCG vaccine, which was originally to vaccinate against tuberculosis and later was found to be useful in the treatment of bladder cancer. [13] BCG immunotherapy induces both local and systemic immune responses.
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Several cancer vaccines use BCG as an additive to provide an initial stimulation of the person's immune system. [citation needed] BCG is used in the treatment of superficial forms of bladder cancer. Since the late 1970s, evidence has become available that the instillation of BCG into the bladder is an effective form of immunotherapy in this ...