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Like kh /x/, gh may also be pharyngealized, as in several Caucasian and Native American languages. In transcriptions of Indo-Aryan languages such as Sanskrit and Hindi, as well as their ancestor, Proto-Indo-European, gh represents a voiced velar aspirated plosive /ɡʱ/ (often referred to as a breathy or murmured voiced velar plosive).
Its name is [kʰəkʰːɑ] and pronounced as /kə̀/. To differentiate between consonants, the Punjabi tonal consonant kà is often transliterated in the way of the Hindi voiced aspirate consonants gha although Punjabi does not have this sound. It is derived from the Laṇḍā letter gha, and ultimately from the Brahmi ga. Gurmukhi kagaa does ...
The soft pronunciation of г occurs before any of the "softening" vowels е ё и ю я ь and the hard pronunciation occurs elsewhere. However, the letter ж functions as a "soft g" in the Romance sense, with alterations between г and ж common in the language (e.g. ложиться, "to lie (down)", past tense лёг; подруга ...
These are known as heterophonic names or heterophones (unlike heterographs, which are written differently but pronounced the same). Excluded are the numerous spellings which fail to make the pronunciation obvious without actually being at odds with convention: for example, the pronunciation / s k ə ˈ n ɛ k t ə d i / [ 1 ] [ 2 ] of ...
The same letter (or sequence of letters) may be pronounced differently when occurring in different positions within a word. For instance, gh represents /f/ at the end of some words (tough / t ʌ f /) but not in others (plough / p l aʊ /). At the beginning of syllables, gh is pronounced /ɡ/, as in ghost / ɡ oʊ s t /.
ਪੜ੍ਹ [pəɽʱ] is actually pronounced [pə́ɽ] The following conventions apply apart from at the beginning of a word: ਿਹ converts into a high tone ੇ (e.g. ਸਿਹਤ is pronounced ਸੇਤ [séːt̪]). 'ੁਹ converts into a high tone ੋ (e.g. ਸੁਹਣਾ is pronounced ਸੋਣਾ [sóːɳaː]).
Hindustani does not distinguish between [v] and [w], specifically Hindi. These are distinct phonemes in English, but conditional allophones of the phoneme /ʋ/ in Hindustani (written व in Hindi or و in Urdu), meaning that contextual rules determine when it is pronounced as [v] and when it is pronounced as [w].
The nuqta, in colloquial settings, is sometimes ignored in Hindi and written as ग [20] [21] گھ: gh: घ: چ: c: च: چھ: ch: छ: ج: j: ज: جھ: jh: झ: ز: z: ज़: The nuqta, in colloquial settings, is sometimes ignored in Hindi and written as ज [20] [21] ذ: ẕ: ज़ (Same sound as ज़, spelled differently in Urdu for ...