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Figure 2: [8] Working principle of a thermal laser sensor (Adapted from figure 3 with permission) As shown in Fig 2, a thermopile laser sensor consists of several thermocouples connected in series with one junction type (hot junction at temperature T 1) being exposed to an absorption area and the other junction type (cold junction at temperature T 2) being exposed to a heat sink.
Reference tables for the Platinel II thermocouple: Image title: A new thermocouple, Platinel II, was developed by Engelhard Industries, Inc. for sustained operation in oxidizing gases at temperatures higher than those possible with Type K thermocouples, yet having a temperature thermal emf relation comparable to them.
The two top thermocouple junctions are at temperature T 1 while the two bottom thermocouple junctions are at temperature T 2. The output voltage from the thermopile, ΔV , is directly proportional to the temperature differential, ΔT or T 1 - T 2 , across the thermal resistance layer and number of thermocouple junction pairs.
[1] NTC thermistors are widely used as inrush-current limiters and temperature sensors, while PTC thermistors are used as self-resetting overcurrent protectors and self-regulating heating elements . An operational temperature range of a thermistor is dependent on the probe type and is typically between −100 and 300 °C (−148 and 572 °F).
A standard RTD sheath is 3.175 to 6.35 mm (0.1250 to 0.2500 in) in diameter; sheath diameters for thermocouples can be less than 1.6 mm (0.063 in). Accuracy and stability requirements If a tolerance of 2 °C is acceptable and the highest level of repeatability is not required, a thermocouple will serve.
A thermocouple (the right most tube) inside the burner assembly of a water heater Thermocouple connection in gas appliances. The end ball (contact) on the left is insulated from the fitting by an insulating washer. The thermocouple line consists of copper wire, insulator and outer metal (usually copper) sheath which is also used as ground. [33]
Motion sensor, Vibration sensor; Flow meter – detects flow in liquid or gas; Force, torque Strain gauge – Piezoelectric or resistive – detects squeezing, stretching, twisting; Accelerometer – Piezoelectric – detects acceleration, gravity; Thermal Thermocouple, thermopile – Wires that generate a voltage proportional to delta temperature
Junction temperature, short for transistor junction temperature, [1] is the highest operating temperature of the actual semiconductor in an electronic device. In operation, it is higher than case temperature and the temperature of the part's exterior.
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