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The typical McCabe–Thiele diagram in Figure 1 uses a q-line representing a partially vaporized feed. Example q-line slopes are presented in Figure 2. The number of steps between the operating lines and the equilibrium line represents the number of theoretical plates (or equilibrium stages) required for the distillation. For the binary ...
The theoretical plate concept was also adapted for chromatographic processes by Martin and Synge. [6] The IUPAC's Gold Book provides a definition of the number of theoretical plates in a chromatography column. [7] The same equation applies in chromatography processes as for the packed bed processes, namely:
Fractionation at total reflux. The Fenske equation in continuous fractional distillation is an equation used for calculating the minimum number of theoretical plates required for the separation of a binary feed stream by a fractionation column that is being operated at total reflux (i.e., which means that no overhead product distillate is being withdrawn from the column).
Fractional distillation in a laboratory makes use of common laboratory glassware and apparatuses, typically including a Bunsen burner, a round-bottomed flask and a condenser, as well as the single-purpose fractionating column. Fractional distillation. As an example, consider the distillation of a mixture of water and ethanol. Ethanol boils at ...
Each vaporization-condensation cycle (called a theoretical plate) will yield a purer solution of the more volatile component. [42] In reality, each cycle at a given temperature does not occur at exactly the same position in the fractionating column; theoretical plate is thus a concept rather than an accurate description.
Image 5: Cross-sectional diagram of a binary fractional distillation tower with bubble-cap trays. (See theoretical plate for enlarged tray image.) Distillation towers (such as in images 3 and 4) use various vapor and liquid contacting methods to provide the required number of equilibrium stages.
In a typical fractional distillation, a liquid mixture is heated in the distilling flask, and the resulting vapor rises up the fractionating column (see Figure 1). The vapor condenses on glass spurs (known as theoretical trays or theoretical plates) inside the column, and returns to the distilling flask, refluxing the rising distillate vapor ...
Vacuum distillation – Low-pressure and low-temperature distillation method; Fractionation column – Equipment to separate liquids by distillation; Phase diagram – Chart used to show conditions at which physical phases of a substance occur; Theoretical plate – Hypothetical stage of matter