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Example q-line slopes are presented in Figure 2. The number of steps between the operating lines and the equilibrium line represents the number of theoretical plates (or equilibrium stages) required for the distillation. For the binary distillation depicted in Figure 1, the required number of theoretical plates is 6.
Fractionation at total reflux. The Fenske equation in continuous fractional distillation is an equation used for calculating the minimum number of theoretical plates required for the separation of a binary feed stream by a fractionation column that is being operated at total reflux (i.e., which means that no overhead product distillate is being withdrawn from the column).
The theoretical plate concept was also adapted for chromatographic processes by Martin and Synge. [6] The IUPAC's Gold Book provides a definition of the number of theoretical plates in a chromatography column. [7] The same equation applies in chromatography processes as for the packed bed processes, namely:
Fractional distillation in a laboratory makes use of common laboratory glassware and apparatuses, typically including a Bunsen burner, a round-bottomed flask and a condenser, as well as the single-purpose fractionating column. Fractional distillation. As an example, consider the distillation of a mixture of water and ethanol. Ethanol boils at ...
Each vaporization-condensation cycle (called a theoretical plate) will yield a purer solution of the more volatile component. [42] In reality, each cycle at a given temperature does not occur at exactly the same position in the fractionating column; theoretical plate is thus a concept rather than an accurate description.
In a typical fractional distillation, a liquid mixture is heated in the distilling flask, and the resulting vapor rises up the fractionating column (see Figure 1). The vapor condenses on glass spurs (known as theoretical trays or theoretical plates) inside the column, and returns to the distilling flask, refluxing the rising distillate vapor ...
For example, some intermediate products in an oil refinery are multi-component liquid mixtures that may contain alkane, alkene and alkyne hydrocarbons—ranging from methane, having one carbon atom, to decanes having ten carbon atoms. For distilling such a mixture, the distillation column may be designed (for example) to produce:
A packed column is a condenser used in fractional distillation. Its main component is a tube filled with small objects to increase the surface area and the number of theoretical plates. The tube can be the inner conduit of some other type, such as Liebig or Allhin. [3]