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Nonetheless, a study in 2013 reported that cSLE patients with lupus nephritis had a 19-fold higher mortality rate while aSLE patients with lupus nephritis had an 8-fold higher mortality rate than their respective age-matched populations [7] [82] and a study in 2020 suggested that the survival rate of lupus nephritis in children and adults has ...
The total oncotic pressure of an average capillary is about 28 mmHg with albumin contributing approximately 22 mmHg of this oncotic pressure, despite only representing 50% of all protein in blood plasma at 35-50 g/L. [6] [7] Because blood proteins cannot escape through capillary endothelium, oncotic pressure of capillary beds tends to draw ...
Chilblain lupus erythematosus was initially described by Hutchinson in 1888 as an uncommon manifestation of chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus. [2] Chilblain lupus erythematosus is characterized by a rash that primarily affects acral surfaces that are frequently exposed to cold temperatures, such as the toes, fingers, ears, and nose.
Lupus occurs from infancy to old age, with peak occurrence between ages 15 and 40. [20] Lupus affects females in the US 6 to 10 times more often than males. [20] Prevalence data are limited. Estimates vary and range from 1.8 to 7.6 cases per 100,000 persons per year in parts of the continental United States. [20]
Neonatal lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease in an infant born to a mother with anti-Ro/SSA and with or without anti-La/SSB antibodies. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The disease most commonly presents with a diffuse/periorbital rash resembling subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and can have systemic abnormalities such as complete heart block or ...
Reference ranges (reference intervals) for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from blood samples. Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the ...
In addition, onset of neuropsychiatric symptoms may happen prior to the diagnosis of lupus. [7] Due to the lack of uniform diagnostic standards, statistics about NPSLE vary widely. [8] Tests which aid in diagnosis include MRI, electrophysiological studies, psychiatric evaluation, and autoantibody tests. [9]
The identification of consistent clinical symptoms and histopathologic findings is the basis for the diagnosis of tumid lupus erythematosus. Provocative phototesting results and antimalarial medication response are additional tests that are not usually required but can confirm a diagnosis of tumid lupus erythematosus. [7]