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The biology of depression is the attempt to identify a biochemical origin of depression, as opposed to theories that emphasize psychological or situational causes. Scientific studies have found that different brain areas show altered activity in humans with major depressive disorder (MDD) . [ 1 ]
Major depression is often associated with biomarkers indicative of inflammatory responses, with interleukin-6, interleukin-1, interleukin-2 receptor, tumor necrosis factor alpha, C-reactive protein, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 all being found to be elevated in those with depression.
Depressed individuals have a shorter life expectancy than those without depression, in part because people who are depressed are at risk of dying of suicide. [262] About 50% of people who die of suicide have a mood disorder such as major depression, and the risk is especially high if a person has a marked sense of hopelessness or has both ...
The ability to distinguish between anxiety and depression with this model may help increase diagnostic accuracy and help eliminate the complications that occur with comorbidity. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] According to Clark, depressed patients have a comorbidity rate of 57% for any anxiety disorder. [ 6 ]
Epigenetics of depression is the study of how epigenetics (heritable characteristics that do not involve changes in DNA sequence) contribute to depression. Major depressive disorder is heavily influenced by environmental and genetic factors.
Depression is a mental state of low mood and aversion to activity. [3] It affects about 3.5% of the global population, or about 280 million people worldwide, as of 2020. [4] Depression affects a person's thoughts, behavior, feelings, and sense of well-being. [5]
One study on DAT binding in acutely depressed people with bipolar reported reductions in the caudate but not putamen. [ 92 ] Studies of serotonin's primary metabolite 5-HIAA have been inconsistent, [ 93 ] although limited evidence points towards reduced central serotonin signaling in a subgroup of aggressive or suicidal patients. [ 91 ]
Depression decreases the joint product of the family or group as the husband or helper only partially compensates for the loss of productivity by the depressed person. Instead of being depressed the person could break their own leg and gain help from the social group, but this obviously is a counterproductive strategy.