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Gametogenesis is a biological process by which diploid or haploid precursor cells undergo cell division and differentiation to form mature haploid gametes.Depending on the biological life cycle of the organism, gametogenesis occurs by meiotic division of diploid gametocytes into various gametes, or by mitosis.
The cells are characterized by expressing the cell surface markers CD33, CD34 and HLA-DR. [6] These surface markers are proteins on the surface that are unique to specific cells and certain maturation periods, allowing researchers to differentiate between two different cells as well as what stage the cell is found in its developmental progression.
The master regulator of steady state granulopoiesis is C/EBPα. It restricts the cell cycle of immature cells by inhibition of CDK2 and CDK4 and promotes granulocytic differentiation. [14] Steady state production of granulocytes is activated after the engulfment of apoptotic granulocytes by tissue macrophages. [15]
Lymphoblasts look like immature lymphocytes, and were once thought to be precursor cells." [ 4 ] Commonly, when speaking about leukemia, "blast" is used as an abbreviation for lymphoblasts. Lymphoblasts can be distinguished microscopically from myeloblasts by having less distinct nucleoli , more condensed chromatin , and an absence of ...
Reticulocytes at less mature levels can be detected by having higher intensity fluorescence regions. An increased immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF), specifically an IRF more than or equal to 0.23, together with an increased absolute reticulocyte count, generally indicates an adequate erythroid response to anemia. [2]
Transitional B cells are B cells at an intermediate stage in their development between bone marrow immature cells and mature B cells in the spleen.Primary B cell development takes place in the bone marrow, where immature B cells must generate a functional B cell receptor (BCR) and overcome negative selection induced by reactivity with autoantigens. [1]
Class switching occurs after activation of a mature B cell via its membrane-bound antibody molecule (or B cell receptor) to generate the different classes of antibody, all with the same variable domains as the original antibody generated in the immature B cell during the process of V(D)J recombination, but possessing distinct constant domains in their heavy chains.
Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the transplantation of multipotent haematopoietic stem cells, usually derived from bone marrow, peripheral blood, or umbilical cord blood. [10] [11] [12] It may be autologous (the patient's own stem cells are used), allogeneic (the stem cells come from a donor) or syngeneic (from an identical ...