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e. The Enigma machine was used commercially from the early 1920s and was adopted by the militaries and governments of various countries—most famously, Nazi Germany. Cryptanalysis of the Enigma ciphering system enabled the western Allies in World War II to read substantial amounts of Morse-coded radio communications of the Axis powers that had ...
The Enigma machine is a cipher device developed and used in the early- to mid-20th century to protect commercial, diplomatic, and military communication. It was employed extensively by Nazi Germany during World War II, in all branches of the German military. The Enigma machine was considered so secure that it was used to encipher the most top ...
Rotor electrical view. The scrambling action of the Enigma rotors shown for two consecutive letters — current is passed through the rotors, around the reflector, and back out through the rotors again. Note: The grayed-out lines represent other possible circuits within each rotor, which are hard-wired to contacts on each rotor.
Marian Adam Rejewski (Polish: [ˈmarjan rɛˈjɛfskʲi] ⓘ; 16 August 1905 – 13 February 1980) was a Polish mathematician and cryptologist who in late 1932 reconstructed the sight-unseen German military Enigma cipher machine, aided by limited documents obtained by French military intelligence. Over the next nearly seven years, Rejewski and ...
Cyclometer. Cyclometer, devised in the mid-1930s by Rejewski to catalog the cycle structure of Enigma permutations. At top are the two rotor banks, one with lid open; below is the rheostat at left, and at right the array of lamps and switches labelled with corresponding letters. The cyclometer was a cryptologic device designed, "probably in ...
Enigma-M4. Key manual of the Kriegsmarine "Der Schlüssel M". The Enigma-M4 (also called SchlüsselM, more precisely SchlüsselM Form M4) is a rotor key machine that was used for encrypted communication by the German Kriegsmarine during World War II from October 1941. In contrast to the previously used Enigma-M3 and the Enigma I and the Enigma ...
Arthur Scherbius, inventor of the Enigma cipher. Arthur Scherbius (30 October 1878 – 13 May 1929) was a German electrical engineer who invented the mechanical cipher Enigma machine. [1] He patented the invention and later sold the machine under the brand name Enigma. Scherbius offered unequalled opportunities and showed the importance of ...
In cryptography, the clock was a method devised by Polish mathematician-cryptologist Jerzy Różycki, at the Polish General Staff 's Cipher Bureau, to facilitate decrypting German Enigma ciphers. The method determined the rightmost rotor in the German Enigma by exploiting the different turnover positions. For the Poles, learning the rightmost ...