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In medicine and medical statistics, the gold standard, criterion standard, [1] or reference standard [2] is the diagnostic test or benchmark that is the best available under reasonable conditions. [3] It is the test against which new tests are compared to gauge their validity, and it is used to evaluate the efficacy of treatments. [1]
[1] [2] In clinical practice, verification bias is more likely to occur when a preliminary diagnostic test is negative. Because many gold standard tests can be invasive, expensive, and carry a higher risk (e.g. angiography, biopsy, surgery), patients and physicians may be more reluctant to undergo further work-up if a preliminary test is negative.
The positive predictive value (PPV), or precision, is defined as = + = where a "true positive" is the event that the test makes a positive prediction, and the subject has a positive result under the gold standard, and a "false positive" is the event that the test makes a positive prediction, and the subject has a negative result under the gold standard.
The diagnostic odds ratio ranges from zero to infinity, although for useful tests it is greater than one, and higher diagnostic odds ratios are indicative of better test performance. [1] Diagnostic odds ratios less than one indicate that the test can be improved by simply inverting the outcome of the test – the test is in the wrong direction ...
However, electron microscopy is highly versatile due to its ability to analyze any type of sample and identify any type of virus. Therefore, it remains the gold standard for identifying viruses that do not show up on routine diagnostic tests or for which routine tests present conflicting results. [7]
Gold Standard Laboratories or GSL was an independent record label which was founded in 1993 in Boulder, Colorado by Sonny Kay. In 2000, it was relocated to San Diego, California, United States, and two years later, to Los Angeles. It was headquartered in L.A. until closing its doors on October 29, 2007. [1] [2]
Alere Inc. was a global manufacturer of rapid point-of-care diagnostic tests.The company was founded in 1991 and was headquartered in Waltham, Massachusetts. [2] [3] As of January 2017, the company had a market capitalization of $3.47 billion with an enterprise value of $5.9 billion. [1]
[1] [8] The third edition added a "Do Not Do" recommendation, for tests deemed no longer useful. [2] Some tests such as a quick test for malaria, do not require a laboratory, a health care setting or professional, or electricity. [10] For each group of tests, the EDL specifies the test's name, purpose, assay format and type of specimen. [6]