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The protein makeup differs between the three species of stonefish, but in reef stonefish the fatal protein is the verrucotoxin protein. [15] Effects of the venom include severe pain, shock, paralysis, and tissue death. [14] A large dose can be fatal to humans, generally young children, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems.
Little is known about the biological activity and composition of marine fish venoms, due to the difficulties in obtaining, storing and extracting venom samples.The National University of Singapore performed the first purification of the stonefish venom, because stonefish stings have been responsible for a number of deaths and severe poisoning cases in the local area. [1]
The stonefish, Synanceia verrucosa, has a diverse set of toxins that disrupts basic human ability. When injected with the toxins found in the dorsal fins of the fish, individuals will suffer from skeletal muscle paralysis , extreme pain, seizures , convulsions , respiratory arrest , and damage to the cardiovascular system . [ 1 ]
Synanceia is a genus of ray-finned fish belonging to the subfamily Synanceiinae, the stonefish, which is classified within the family Scorpaenidae, the scorpionfish and relatives. Stonefish are the most venomous fish known; stings can be fatal to humans. [2] [3] They are found in the coastal regions of the Indo-Pacific.
Venomous fish are very often involved in human injury, usually by accident, but few studies have been done to investigate the constituents of fish venom. Even fewer studies have been done to create antivenom. The only commercially available antivenom is for the Indo-Pacific stonefish, Synanceja trachynis Stonefish Antivenom (SFAV). [17]
Women online have taken to filming ghoulish murder-fantasy videos in which they romanticize lacing men’s beverages with deadly poison as a justifiable response to fears about abortion rights ...
All clinical data have been recently collected in New Caledonia and French Polynesia. Due to the medical significance of the venom, there is a notable lack of research on stonefish ichthyocrinotoxins. Future research should investigate the toxins role in predator defence, parasite prevention, and mitigating epibiosis.
A deadly pufferfish hospitalized an entire family who unintentionally consumed the poisonous fish for dinner. According to Brazil's Globo News, eleven members of the Souza family ate a pufferfish ...