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Heat capacity, c p? J/(mol K) Liquid properties Standard enthalpy change of formation, Δ f H o liquid: −460 kJ/mol Standard molar entropy, S o liquid: 166.9 J/(mol·K) Heat capacity, c p: 149.5 J/(mol·K) Gas properties Standard enthalpy change of formation, Δ f H o gas: −3955.4 kJ/mol Standard molar entropy, S o gas: 311.8 J/(mol·K ...
Anders Celsius's original thermometer used a reversed scale, with 100 as the freezing point and 0 as the boiling point of water.. In 1742, Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744) created a temperature scale that was the reverse of the scale now known as "Celsius": 0 represented the boiling point of water, while 100 represented the freezing point of water. [5]
However, at low temperatures only the J = 0 level is appreciably populated, so that the para form dominates at low temperatures (approximately 99.8% at 20 K). [8] The heat of vaporization is only 0.904 kJ/mol. As a result, ortho liquid hydrogen equilibrating to the para form releases enough energy to cause significant loss by boiling. [6]
Understanding the temperature dependence of viscosity is important for many applications, for instance engineering lubricants that perform well under varying temperature conditions (such as in a car engine), since the performance of a lubricant depends in part on its viscosity.
80 K (−193 °C) 273 K (0 °C) 293 K (20 °C) 298 K (25 °C) ... (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) calculated from single crystal values 56.2
Gaseous ammonia turns to a colourless liquid, which boils at −33.1 °C (−27.58 °F), and freezes to colourless crystals [21] at −77.7 °C (−107.86 °F). Little data is available at very high temperatures and pressures, but the liquid-vapor critical point occurs at 405 K and 11.35 MPa.
For the normal distribution, an unbiased estimator is given by s / c 4 , where the correction factor (which depends on N) is given in terms of the Gamma function, and equals: = (). This arises because the sampling distribution of the sample standard deviation follows a (scaled) chi distribution , and the correction factor is the mean of ...
Normal cells typically generate only about 30% of energy from glycolysis, [117] whereas most cancers rely on glycolysis for energy production (Warburg effect). [ 118 ] [ 119 ] But a minority of cancer types rely on oxidative phosphorylation as the primary energy source, including lymphoma , leukemia , and endometrial cancer . [ 120 ]