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The more popular methods for production of ethanol and cellulosic ethanol use enzymes that must be isolated first to be added to the biomass and thus convert the starch or cellulose into simple sugars, followed then by yeast fermentation into ethanol. This process does not need the addition of such enzymes as these microorganisms make their own.
The concentration of alkylsulfates in effluent from waste water treatment plants (WWTP) has been measured at 10 micrograms per litre (5.8 × 10 −9 oz/cu in) and lower. Alkyl sulfates biodegrade easily, even starting likely before reaching the WWTP. Once at the treatment plant, they are rapidly removed by biodegradation. Invertebrates were ...
The wet sulfuric acid process (WSA process) is a gas desulfurization process. After Danish company Haldor Topsoe introduced this technology in 1987, it has been recognized as a process for recovering sulfur from various process gases in the form of commercial quality sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4) with the simultaneous production of high-pressure steam.
BRI Energy, LLC [1] is a company whose pilot plant in Fayetteville, Arkansas is currently using synthesis gas fermentation to convert a variety of waste into ethanol. After gasification, anaerobic bacteria (Clostridium ljungdahlii) are used to convert the syngas (CO, CO 2, and H 2) into ethanol. The heat generated by gasification is also used ...
the reaction steps presented here are just a part of the reaction sequence, see reference for more details. Photocatalytic oxidation with TiO 2: [15] TiO 2 + UV → e − + h + (irradiation of the photocatalytic surface leads to an excited electron (e −) and electron gap (h +)) Ti(IV) + H 2 O ⇌ Ti(IV)-H 2 O (water adsorbs onto the catalyst ...
Simple scheme of the apparatus for electro-oxidation process. The set-up for performing an electro-oxidation treatment consists of an electrochemical cell.An external electric potential difference (aka voltage) is applied to the electrodes, resulting in the formation of reactive species, namely hydroxyl radicals, in the proximity of the electrode surface. [11]
The reaction typically proceeds by blowing ethylene oxide through the alcohol at 180 °C and under 1-2 bar of pressure, with potassium hydroxide (KOH) serving as a catalyst. [5] The process is highly exothermic ( Δ H = -92 kJ/mol of ethylene oxide reacted) and requires careful control to avoid a potentially disastrous thermal runaway .
In chemistry, a hydration reaction is a chemical reaction in which a substance combines with water. In organic chemistry, water is added to an unsaturated substrate, which is usually an alkene or an alkyne. This type of reaction is employed industrially to produce ethanol, isopropanol, and butan-2-ol. [1]