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If the function f does not have any continuous antiderivative which takes the value zero at the zeros of f (this is the case for the sine and the cosine functions), then sgn(f(x)) ∫ f(x) dx is an antiderivative of f on every interval on which f is not zero, but may be discontinuous at the points where f(x) = 0.
This visualization also explains why integration by parts may help find the integral of an inverse function f −1 (x) when the integral of the function f(x) is known. Indeed, the functions x(y) and y(x) are inverses, and the integral ∫ x dy may be calculated as above from knowing the integral ∫ y dx.
The slope field of () = +, showing three of the infinitely many solutions that can be produced by varying the arbitrary constant c.. In calculus, an antiderivative, inverse derivative, primitive function, primitive integral or indefinite integral [Note 1] of a continuous function f is a differentiable function F whose derivative is equal to the original function f.
It was rediscovered in 1955 by Parker, [6] and by a number of mathematicians following him. [7] Nevertheless, they all assume that f or f −1 is differentiable . The general version of the theorem , free from this additional assumption, was proposed by Michael Spivak in 1965, as an exercise in the Calculus , [ 2 ] and a fairly complete proof ...
Integrands of the form x m (a + b x n + c x 2n) p when b 2 − 4 a c = 0 [ edit ] The resulting integrands are of the same form as the original integrand, so these reduction formulas can be repeatedly applied to drive the exponents m and p toward 0.
Likewise, the function + does not have an antiderivative in (). Its antiderivatives tan − 1 ( x ) + C {\displaystyle \tan ^{-1}(x)+C} do not seem to satisfy the requirements of the theorem, since they are not (apparently) sums of rational functions and logarithms of rational functions.
In complex analysis, a branch of mathematics, the antiderivative, or primitive, of a complex-valued function g is a function whose complex derivative is g.More precisely, given an open set in the complex plane and a function :, the antiderivative of is a function : that satisfies =.
Finding an elementary antiderivative is very sensitive to details. For instance, the following algebraic function (posted to sci.math.symbolic by Henri Cohen in 1993 [3]) has an elementary antiderivative, as Wolfram Mathematica since version 13 shows (however, Mathematica does not use the Risch algorithm to compute this integral): [4] [5]