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Dictyocaulus viviparus found in the bronchi of a calf during necropsy (arrow). Parasitic bronchitis, also known as hoose, husk, or verminous bronchitis, [1] is a disease of sheep, cattle, goats, [2] and swine caused by the presence of various species of parasite, commonly known as lungworms, [3] in the bronchial tubes or in the lungs.
Symptoms are similar to those of rinderpest in cattle and involves oral necrosis, mucopurulent nasal and ocular discharges, cough, pneumonia, and diarrhea, [11] though they vary according to the previous immune status of the sheep, the geographic location, the time of year, or if the infection is new or chronic. They also vary according to the ...
Sheep and goats are both small ruminants with cosmopolitan distributions due to their being kept historically and in modern times as grazers both individually and in herds in return for their production of milk, wool, and meat. [1] As such, the diseases of these animals are of great economic importance to humans.
Therefore, manual diagnosis is done at many levels. Diagnosis basically relies on a combination of postmortem analyses, clinical signs displayed by the animals, and response to drenching . In heavy infection, symptoms are easily observed in sheep and cattle as they become severely anorexic or inefficiently digest food, and become unthrifty.
Orf is a zoonotic disease, meaning humans can contract this disorder through direct contact with infected sheep and goats or with fomites carrying the orf virus. [6] It causes a purulent-appearing papule locally and generally no systemic symptoms.
Scrapie and other transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are caused by prions. [19] Prions were determined to be the infectious agent because transmission is difficult to prevent with heat, radiation and disinfectants, the agent does not evoke any detectable immune response, and it has a long incubation period of between 18 months and 5 years. [20]
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The distribution of M. capillaris is determined by the geographic location of the snail and slug intermediate hosts the parasite uses in its life cycle. [2] The natural intermediate host of M. capillaris is a species of terrestrial snails belonging to the Genus Trochoidea, and juvenile T. seetzenii snails are the most susceptible to the parasitic infection. [4]