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Nero, Sestertius with countermark "X" of Legio X Gemina. Obv: Laureate bust right. Rev: Nero riding horse right, holding spear, DECVRSIO in exergue; S C across fields. This is a list of Roman legions, including key facts about each legion, primarily focusing on the Principate (early Empire, 27 BC – 284 AD) legions, for which there exists substantial literary, epigraphic and archaeological ...
An auxiliary regiment's junior officers appear broadly the same as in the legions. These were, in ascending order: tesserarius, optio, signifer (standard-bearer for the centuria). However, auxiliary regiments also attest a custos armorum ("keeper of the armoury"), on pay-and-a-half. The vexillarius, bore the regiment's standard, on double-pay.
The monetary economy collapsed and the army was obliged to rely on unpaid food levies to obtain supplies. [43] Food levies were raised without regard to fairness, ruining the border provinces where the military was mainly based. [44] Soldiers' salaries became worthless, which reduced the army's recruits to a subsistence-level existence. [45]
But the comparison is misleading. Due to modern technology, a modern economy is far more productive per capita than the Roman economy: on one estimate, the average American in 1998 was at least 73 times more economically productive, in comparable terms (i.e. in international dollars), than a Roman in the 1st century AD. [21]
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Roman armies in enemy territory obtained their food many ways simultaneously; they would forage for food, purchase food locally, raid local foodstores, and have food shipped to them by supply lines. Peter Heather writes that a single legion would have required 13.5 tonnes of food per month, and attempting to get all that food in just a single ...
According to Cassius Dio, it was Trajan who raised both the II Traiana and the XXX Ulpia Victrix, [1] but the details and order are not clear. H.M.D. Parker has argued that the XXX Ulpia was raised first, at the time there were 29 legions, then after Legio XXI Rapax vanished—either destroyed in battle against barbarian invaders or in a civil disturbance—the II Traiana came into existence.