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Evidence of tin trade in the Mediterranean can be seen in a number of Bronze Age shipwrecks containing tin ingots such as the Uluburun off the coast of Turkey dated 1300 BC which carried over 300 copper bars weighing 10 tons, and approximately 40 tin bars weighing 1 ton. [44]
Cast in the shape of a peck, or dou in Chinese, each ingot weighs just over 1 pound (0.45 kg). Ten blocks made up one unit called a small bundle, and 40 blocks made up one large bundle. Details of tin production in early Malacca were recorded in the 1436 book Description of the Starry Raft by Fei Xin, a translator of Admiral Zheng He.
Tin melts at 231 °C (449 °F) [21] Lead melts at 327 °C (621 °F) [21] Silver at 961 °C (1763 °F) [21] Gold at 1064 °C (1947 °F) [21] Copper at 1084 °C (1984 °F) [21] Iron is the outlier at 1538 °C (2800 °F), [21] making it far more difficult to melt in antiquity.
The ingots are believed to have been made before 1000 BC, during the later stages of the British Bronze Age. The site was designated under the Protection of Wrecks Act on 24 November 1993. The wreck is a Protected Wreck managed by Historic England. The ingots found here are an important source of knowledge for prehistoric tin. [1]
The John Wayne Cancer Foundation was founded in 1985 in honor of John Wayne, after his family granted the use of his name (and limited funding) for the continued fight against cancer. [184] The foundation's mission is to "bring courage, strength, and grit to the fight against cancer". [ 184 ]
Ingot molds are tapered to prevent the formation of cracks due to uneven cooling. A crack or void formation occurs as the liquid to solid transition has an associated volume change for a constant mass of material. The formation of these ingot defects may render the cast ingot useless and may need to be re-melted, recycled, or discarded.
A possible official stamp has been identified on the Carnington tin ingot. [34] A number of tin ingots have been found in Roman contexts, such as 42 found in a wreck at Bigbury Bay in 1991–92. [35] [36] A site in the Erme Valley, Devon, shows sediment aggregation in late Roman and Post-Roman times due to tin mining on Dartmoor. [37]
American actor, director, and producer John Wayne (1907–1979) began working on films as an extra, prop man and stuntman, mainly for the Fox Film Corporation. He frequently worked in minor roles with director John Ford and when Raoul Walsh suggested him for the lead in The Big Trail (1930), an epic Western shot in an early widescreen process ...