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List-length effect: A smaller percentage of items are remembered in a longer list, but as the length of the list increases, the absolute number of items remembered increases as well. [162] Memory inhibition: Being shown some items from a list makes it harder to retrieve the other items (e.g., Slamecka, 1968). Misinformation effect
Language attitudes, like other social constructs, are subject to change by social influences, as well as by the individual's motivation to maintain cognitive consistency when cognitive dissonance occurs. [8] It has been shown that individual language attitudes evolve with time, especially in situations of language contact. [9]
Neuroscience of multilingualism is the study of multilingualism within the field of neurology.These studies include the representation of different language systems in the brain, the effects of multilingualism on the brain's structural plasticity, aphasia in multilingual individuals, and bimodal bilinguals (people who can speak at least one sign language and at least one oral language).
There is a strong and a weak version of the hypothesis which argue for more or less influence of language on thought. The strong version, linguistic determinism , argues that without language there is and can be no thought (a largely discredited idea), while the weak version, linguistic relativity , supports the idea that there are some ...
Many different sources state that the study of the brain, and therefore, language disorders, originated in the 19th century, and linguistic analysis of those disorders began in the 20th century. [2] Studying language impairments in the brain after injuries aids in comprehending how the brain works and changes after an injury.
Language disorders can affect both spoken and written language, [1] and can also affect sign language; typically, all forms of language will be impaired. Current data indicates that 7% of young children display language disorder, [2] [3] with boys being diagnosed twice as often as girls. [4]
Aphasia, also known as dysphasia, [a] is an impairment in a person’s ability to comprehend or formulate language because of damage to specific brain regions. [2] The major causes are stroke and head trauma; prevalence is hard to determine, but aphasia due to stroke is estimated to be 0.1–0.4% in the Global North. [3]
The researchers interpret this result as reflecting an asymmetry in vocabulary domains and language exposure: monolingual and bilingual children were equally exposed to the school context in the same language (English), but English was not commonly used in the home environments of the bilingual children.