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Pentane is an organic compound with the formula C 5 H 12 —that is, an alkane with five carbon atoms. The term may refer to any of three structural isomers, or to a mixture of them: in the IUPAC nomenclature, however, pentane means exclusively the n-pentane isomer, in which case pentanes refers to a mixture of them; the other two are called isopentane (methylbutane) and neopentane ...
In the petroleum industry, much research has been done on the upgrading of light hydrocarbons.The realisation that normal pentane is one of the most important remaining components of naphtha that can be easily upgraded prompted Phillips Petroleum to investigate the various processes for converting normal (linear) pentane into (branched) isopentane.
These reactions are an important industrial route to halogenated hydrocarbons. There are three steps: Initiation the halogen radicals form by homolysis. Usually, energy in the form of heat or light is required. Chain reaction or Propagation then takes place—the halogen radical abstracts a hydrogen from the alkane to give an alkyl radical ...
Spiropentane is difficult to separate from the other reaction products and the early procedures resulted in impure mixtures. Decades later, the production method was improved. The spiro hydrocarbon can be separated from the byproducts (2-methyl-1-butene, 1,1-dimethylcyclopropane, methylenecyclobutane) by distillation .
In certain kinds of alkene polymerization reactions, chain walking is an isomerization process that introduces branches into growing polymers. [citation needed] The trans isomer of resveratrol can be converted to the cis isomer in a photochemical reaction. [6] Thermal rearrangement of azulene to naphthalene has been observed. [7]
Maltenes are the n-alkane (pentane or heptane)-soluble molecular components of asphalt, which is the residue remaining after petroleum refiners remove other useful derivatives such as gasoline and kerosene from crude oil. Asphaltene compounds are the other primary component of asphalt.
Phytochemicals are chemicals of plant origin. [1] Phytochemicals (from Greek phyto, meaning "plant") are chemicals produced by plants through primary or secondary metabolism. [2] [3] They generally have biological activity in the plant host and play a role in plant growth or defense against competitors, pathogens, or predators. [2]
Photosynthesis occurs in two stages. In the first stage, light-dependent reactions or light reactions capture the energy of light and use it to make the hydrogen carrier NADPH and the energy-storage molecule ATP. During the second stage, the light-independent reactions use these products to capture and reduce carbon dioxide.