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Cantor's first uncountability proof. uncountability of the real numbers; Combinatorics; Combinatory logic; Co-NP; Coset; Countable. countability of a subset of a countable set (to do) Angle of parallelism; Galois group. Fundamental theorem of Galois theory (to do) Gödel number. Gödel's incompleteness theorem; Group (mathematics) Halting problem
Reverse mathematics is a program in mathematical logic that seeks to determine which axioms are required to prove theorems of mathematics. [5] The field was founded by Harvey Friedman . Its defining method can be described as "going backwards from the theorems to the axioms ", in contrast to the ordinary mathematical practice of deriving ...
The expression "mathematical proof" is used by lay people to refer to using mathematical methods or arguing with mathematical objects, such as numbers, to demonstrate something about everyday life, or when data used in an argument is numerical. It is sometimes also used to mean a "statistical proof" (below), especially when used to argue from data.
In mathematical logic, Lindström's theorem (named after Swedish logician Per Lindström, who published it in 1969) states that first-order logic is the strongest logic [1] (satisfying certain conditions, e.g. closure under classical negation) having both the (countable) compactness property and the (downward) Löwenheim–Skolem property. [2]
Mathematical logic is the study of formal logic within mathematics. Major subareas include model theory , proof theory , set theory , and recursion theory (also known as computability theory). Research in mathematical logic commonly addresses the mathematical properties of formal systems of logic such as their expressive or deductive power.
The resolution of this crisis involved the rise of a new mathematical discipline called mathematical logic that includes set theory, model theory, proof theory, computability and computational complexity theory, and more recently, parts of computer science. Subsequent discoveries in the 20th century then stabilized the foundations of ...
Mathematical logic is the study of formal logic within mathematics. Research in mathematical logic commonly addresses the mathematical properties of formal systems of logic such as their expressive or deductive power. Mathematical logic is divided into four parts: Model theory; Proof theory; Recursion theory, also known as computability theory ...
Many current lines of research in mathematical logic, such as proof theory and reverse mathematics, can be viewed as natural continuations of Hilbert's original program. Much of it can be salvaged by changing its goals slightly (Zach 2005), and with the following modifications some of it was successfully completed: