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Diagram of a human eye; note that not all eyes have the same anatomy as a human eye. The mammalian eye can also be divided into two main segments: the anterior segment and the posterior segment. [10] The human eye is not a plain sphere but is like two spheres combined, a smaller, more sharply curved one and a larger lesser curved sphere.
The outermost layer, known as the fibrous tunic, is composed of the cornea and sclera, which provide shape to the eye and support the deeper structures. The middle layer, known as the vascular tunic or uvea , consists of the choroid , ciliary body , pigmented epithelium and iris .
The size of the eyes in mammals is relatively small; in humans, eye weight is 1% of the mass of the head, while in a starling it reaches 15%. Nocturnal animals (for example, tarsiers) and animals that live in open landscapes have larger eyes.
Pit eyes, also known as stemmata, are eye-spots which may be set into a pit to reduce the angles of light that enters and affects the eye-spot, to allow the organism to deduce the angle of incoming light. [1] Found in about 85% of phyla, these basic forms were probably the precursors to more advanced types of "simple eyes".
Swordfish also possess an impressive visual system. The eye of a swordfish can generate heat to better cope with detecting their prey at depths of 2000 feet. [58] Certain one-celled microorganisms, the warnowiid dinoflagellates have eye-like ocelloids, with analogous structures for the lens and retina of the multi-cellular eye. [59]
But in the eyes of deuterostomes, they are derived from cilia, which are separate structures. [24] However, outside the eyes an organism may use the other type of photoreceptor cells, for instance the clamworm Platynereis dumerilii uses microvilliar cells in the eyes but has additionally deep brain ciliary photoreceptor cells. [27]
Víctor Erice’s “Close Your Eyes,” Andrew Haigh’s “All of Us Strangers” and Justine Triet’s “Anatomy of a Fall” dominated this year’s 21st ICS Awards, winning the top prizes.
The face is the front of an animal's head that features the eyes, nose and mouth, and through which animals express many of their emotions. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The face is crucial for human identity , and damage such as scarring or developmental deformities may affect the psyche adversely.