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MDCalc is a free online medical reference for healthcare professionals that provides point-of-care clinical decision-support tools, including medical calculators, scoring systems, and algorithms. [1]
Antiarrhythmic agents, also known as cardiac dysrhythmia medications, are a class of drugs that are used to suppress abnormally fast rhythms (tachycardias), such as atrial fibrillation, supraventricular tachycardia and ventricular tachycardia. Many attempts have been made to classify antiarrhythmic agents.
Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a condition affecting repolarization (relaxing) of the heart after a heartbeat, giving rise to an abnormally lengthy QT interval. [7] It results in an increased risk of an irregular heartbeat which can result in fainting, drowning, seizures, or sudden death. [1] These episodes can be triggered by exercise or stress. [6]
Junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET) is a rare syndrome of the heart that manifests in patients recovering from heart surgery. [1] It is characterized by cardiac arrhythmia, or irregular beating of the heart, caused by abnormal conduction from or through the atrioventricular node (AV node).
Pacemakers are often used for slow heart rates. [6] Those with an irregular heartbeat are often treated with blood thinners to reduce the risk of complications. [6] Those who have severe symptoms from an arrhythmia or are medically unstable may receive urgent treatment with a controlled electric shock in the form of cardioversion or ...
It is also considered in patients with atrial fibrillation - a heart rhythm disorder characterised by irregular electrical impulses in the atria (the upper chambers of the heart). [88] This abnormal electrical activity causes the atria to contract erratically, resulting in an irregular heartbeat. [89]
Anti-clotting medications include warfarin and direct oral anticoagulants. [25] While these medications reduce stroke risk, they increase rates of major bleeding. [27] Atrial fibrillation is the most common serious abnormal heart rhythm and, as of 2020, affects more than 33 million people worldwide.
For heart rate control (atrial fibrillation), plasma levels are less defined and are generally titrated to a goal heart rate. Typically, digoxin levels are considered therapeutic for heart rate control between 0.5 and 2.0 ng/mL (or 0.6 and 2.6 nmol/L). [37] In suspected toxicity or ineffectiveness, digoxin levels should be monitored.
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262 Neil Avenue # 430, Columbus, Ohio · Directions · (614) 221-7464