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The charge control consists of a pressure switch built into the cell, which disconnects the charging current when the internal cell pressure rises above a certain limit; usually 200 pounds per square inch (1.4 MPa) to 300 pounds per square inch (2.1 MPa). This prevents overcharging and damage to the cell.
The individual cells in a battery pack naturally have somewhat different capacities, and so, over the course of charge and discharge cycles, may be at a different state of charge (SOC). Variations in capacity are due to manufacturing variances, assembly variances (e.g., cells from one production run mixed with others), cell aging, impurities ...
State of charge (SoC) quantifies the remaining capacity available in a battery at a given time and in relation to a given state of ageing. [1] It is usually expressed as percentage (0% = empty; 100% = full). An alternative form of the same measure is the depth of discharge , calculated as 1 − SoC (100% = empty; 0% = full).
Cell chemistry Also known as Electrode Rechargeable Commercialized Voltage Energy density Specific power Cost † Discharge efficiency Self-discharge rate Shelf life Anode Electrolyte Cathode Cutoff Nominal 100% SOC by mass by volume; year V V V MJ/kg (Wh/kg) MJ/L (Wh/L) W/kg Wh/$ ($/kWh) % %/month years Lead–acid: SLA VRLA PbAc ...
Introduced 1898 as the first flashlight battery. Can be replaced with an AA cell or a C cell using a plastic sabot (size adaptor), with proportional loss of capacity. F: R25 (carbon‑zinc) LR25 (alkaline) 60: 10,500 (carbon‑zinc) 26,000 (alkaline) 1.5: 33 × 91 Four F cells are often found within 6-volt rectangular lantern batteries. N: Lady ...
Charge carrier density, also known as carrier concentration, denotes the number of charge carriers per volume. In SI units, it is measured in m −3. As with any density, in principle it can depend on position. However, usually carrier concentration is given as a single number, and represents the average carrier density over the whole material.
Standard battery nomenclature describes portable dry cell batteries that have physical dimensions and electrical characteristics interchangeable between manufacturers. The long history of disposable dry cells means that many manufacturer-specific and national standards were used to designate sizes, long before international standards were reached.
While the state of charge is usually expressed using percentage points (0 % = empty; 100 % = full), depth of discharge is either expressed using units of Ah (e.g. for a 50 Ah battery, 0 Ah is full and 50 Ah is empty) or percentage points (100 % is empty and 0 % is full). The capacity of a battery may also be higher than its nominal rating.