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The individual cells in a battery pack naturally have somewhat different capacities, and so, over the course of charge and discharge cycles, may be at a different state of charge (SOC). Variations in capacity are due to manufacturing variances, assembly variances (e.g., cells from one production run mixed with others), cell aging, impurities ...
Introduced 1898 as the first flashlight battery. Can be replaced with an AA cell or a C cell using a plastic sabot (size adaptor), with proportional loss of capacity. F: R25 (carbon‑zinc) LR25 (alkaline) 60: 10,500 (carbon‑zinc) 26,000 (alkaline) 1.5: 33 × 91 Four F cells are often found within 6-volt rectangular lantern batteries. N: Lady ...
Cell chemistry Also known as Electrode Rechargeable Commercialized Voltage Energy density Specific power Cost † Discharge efficiency Self-discharge rate Shelf life Anode Electrolyte Cathode Cutoff Nominal 100% SOC by mass by volume; year V V V MJ/kg (Wh/kg) MJ/L (Wh/L) W/kg Wh/$ ($/kWh) % %/month years Lead–acid: SLA VRLA PbAc ...
The charge control consists of a pressure switch built into the cell, which disconnects the charging current when the internal cell pressure rises above a certain limit; usually 200 pounds per square inch (1.4 MPa) to 300 pounds per square inch (2.1 MPa). This prevents overcharging and damage to the cell.
State of charge (SoC) quantifies the remaining capacity available in a battery at a given time and in relation to a given state of ageing. [1] It is usually expressed as percentage (0% = empty; 100% = full). An alternative form of the same measure is the depth of discharge , calculated as 1 − SoC (100% = empty; 0% = full).
A battery's capacity is the amount of electric charge it can deliver at a voltage that does not drop below the specified terminal voltage. The more electrode material contained in the cell the greater its capacity. A small cell has less capacity than a larger cell with the same chemistry, although they develop the same open-circuit voltage. [49]
[6] [7] The higher the required discharge rate of a battery, the better matched the cells should be, both in the type of cell and state of charge, in order to reduce the chances of cell reversal. In some situations, such as when correcting NiCd batteries that have been previously overcharged, [ 8 ] it may be desirable to fully discharge a battery.
These have nominal charge capacities (C) of 1.1–2.8 Ah at 1.2 V, measured at the rate that discharges the cell in 5 hours. Useful discharge capacity is a decreasing function of the discharge rate, but up to a rate of around 1×C (full discharge in 1 hour), it does not differ significantly from the nominal capacity. [26]