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Different materials have different saturation levels. For example, high permeability iron alloys used in transformers reach magnetic saturation at 1.6–2.2 teslas (T), [4] whereas ferrites saturate at 0.2–0.5 T. [5] Some amorphous alloys saturate at 1.2–1.3 T. [6] Mu-metal saturates at around 0.8 T. [7] [8]
High harmonics have a number of interesting properties. They are a tunable table-top source of XUV/soft X-rays, synchronised with the driving laser and produced with the same repetition rate. The harmonic cut-off varies linearly with increasing laser intensity up until the saturation intensity I sat where harmonic generation stops. [9]
High harmonic generation (HHG) is a nonlinear process where intense laser radiation is converted from one fixed frequency to high harmonics of that frequency by ionization and recollision of an electron. It was first observed in 1987 by McPherson et al. who successfully generated harmonic emission up to the 17th order at 248 nm in neon gas. [3]
Spectroscopists customarily refer to the spectrum arising from a given ionization state of a given element by the element's symbol followed by a Roman numeral.The numeral I is used for spectral lines associated with the neutral element, II for those from the first ionization state, III for those from the second ionization state, and so on. [1]
Elastic properties describe the reversible deformation (elastic response) of a material to an applied stress.They are a subset of the material properties that provide a quantitative description of the characteristics of a material, like its strength.
Spectral analysis or spectrum analysis is analysis in terms of a spectrum of frequencies or related quantities such as energies, eigenvalues, etc. In specific areas it may refer to: Spectroscopy in chemistry and physics, a method of analyzing the properties of matter from their electromagnetic interactions
Simplified scheme of conventional process of ODS steel (a) and the modified process promoting nano-oxide formation. ODS steels are commonly produced through ball-milling an oxide of interest (e.g. Y 2 O 3, Al 2 O 3) with pre-alloyed metal powders followed by compression and sintering. It is believed that the oxides enter into solid solution ...
high concentration 3200–3400 broad carboxylic acids low concentration 3500–3560 high concentration 3000 broad N─H primary amines: any 3400–3500 strong 1560–1640 strong secondary amines any >3000 weak to medium ammonium ions any 2400–3200 multiple broad peaks C─O alcohols: primary 1040–1060 strong, broad secondary ~1100 strong ...