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The nasal cavity is divided in two by the vertical nasal septum. On the side of each nasal cavity are three horizontal outgrowths called nasal conchae (singular "concha") or turbinates. These turbinates disrupt the airflow, directing air toward the olfactory epithelium on the surface of the turbinates and the septum.
The septum grows down from the roof of the nasal cavity and fuses with the developing palates along the midline. The septum divides the nasal cavity into two nasal passages opening into the pharynx through the definitive choanae. [48] [49] At ten weeks, the cells differentiate into muscle, cartilage, and bone.
The upper airways or upper respiratory tract includes the nose and nasal passages, paranasal sinuses, the pharynx, and the portion of the larynx above the vocal folds (cords). The lower airways or lower respiratory tract includes the portion of the larynx below the vocal folds, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles.
Illustration of upper respiratory system. In anatomy, a nasal concha (/ ˈ k ɒ n k ə /; pl.: conchae; / ˈ k ɒ n k iː /; Latin for 'shell'), also called a nasal turbinate or turbinal, [1] [2] is a long, narrow, curled shelf of bone that protrudes into the breathing passage of the nose in humans and various other animals.
The fleshy external end of the nasal septum is called the columella or columella nasi, and is made up of cartilage and soft tissue. [2] The nasal septum contains bone and hyaline cartilage. [3] It is normally about 2 mm thick. [4] The nasal septum is composed of four structures: Maxillary bone (the crest) Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
It consists of a nasal cavity inside the head, and an external nose on the face. The external nose houses the nostrils, or nares, a pair of tubes providing airflow through the nose for respiration. Where the nostrils pass through the nasal cavity they widen, are known as nasal fossae, and contain turbinates and olfactory mucosa.
The canal containing the duct is called the nasolacrimal canal.It is formed by indentations in the inferior nasal conchae, maxilla and lacrimal bone.The canal drains into the nasal cavity through the anterior portion of the inferior meatus, which is between the inferior concha and the floor of the nasal cavity.
In humans and other mammals, the anatomy of a typical respiratory system is the respiratory tract.The tract is divided into an upper and a lower respiratory tract.The upper tract includes the nose, nasal cavities, sinuses, pharynx and the part of the larynx above the vocal folds.