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The chemical structure of cryptoxanthin. Xanthophylls typically present oxygen as a hydroxyl group. Thin layer chromatography is used to separate components of a plant extract, illustrating the experiment with plant pigments that gave chromatography its name. Plant xanthophylls form the bright yellow band next to the green.
Lutein (/ ˈ lj uː t i ɪ n,-t iː n /; [2] from Latin luteus meaning "yellow") is a xanthophyll and one of 600 known naturally occurring carotenoids.Lutein is synthesized only by plants, and like other xanthophylls is found in high quantities in green leafy vegetables such as spinach, kale and yellow carrots.
Neoxanthin is a carotenoid and xanthophyll. In plants, it is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the plant hormone abscisic acid. It is often present in two forms: all-trans and 9-cis isomers. It is produced from violaxanthin, but a suspected neoxanthin synthase [1] is still to be confirmed.
In plants, the xanthophyll lutein is the most abundant carotenoid and its role in preventing age-related eye disease is currently under investigation. [5] Lutein and the other carotenoid pigments found in mature leaves are often not obvious because of the masking presence of chlorophyll .
Fucoxanthin is a xanthophyll that contributes more than 10% of the estimated total production of carotenoids in nature. [1] It is an accessory pigment found in the chloroplasts of many brown macroalgae, such as Fucus spp ., and the golden-brown unicellular microalgae, the diatoms.
Zeaxanthin is one of the most common carotenoids in nature, and is used in the xanthophyll cycle.Synthesized in plants and some micro-organisms, it is the pigment that gives paprika (made from bell peppers), corn, saffron, goji (wolfberries), and many other plants and microbes their characteristic color.
In terms of structure, β-cryptoxanthin is closely related to β-carotene, with only the addition of a hydroxyl group. It is a member of the class of carotenoids known as xanthophylls. In a pure form, β-cryptoxanthin is a red crystalline solid with a metallic luster. It is freely soluble in chloroform, benzene, pyridine, and carbon disulfide.
Violaxanthin is a xanthophyll pigment with an orange color found in a variety of plants. Violaxanthin is the product of the epoxidation of zeaxanthin where the oxygen atoms are from reactive oxygen species (ROS). Such ROS's arise when a plant is subject to solar radiation so intense that the light cannot all be absorbed by the chlorophyll.