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Vertical integration is the degree to which a firm owns its upstream suppliers and its downstream buyers. The differences depend on where the firm is placed in the order of the supply chain. There are three varieties of vertical integration: backward (upstream) vertical integration, forward (downstream) vertical integration, and balanced (both ...
Marketing. Horizontal integration is the process of a company increasing production of goods or services at the same level of the value chain, in the same industry. A company may do this via internal expansion or through mergers and acquisitions. [1][2][3] The process can lead to monopoly if a company captures the vast majority of the market ...
Studies have found these vertical keiretsus, particularly those that belong to the same horizontal keiretsu, are more likely to form alliances than the other types or even those companies where one or two have keiretsu affiliations. [10] Vertical keiretsu is considered an effective and competitive organizational model in the car industry. [11]
Multi-level governance is an approach in political science and public administration theory that originated from studies on European integration.Political scientists Liesbet Hooghe and Gary Marks developed the concept of multi-level governance in the early 1990s and have continuously been contributing to the research program in a series of articles (see Bibliography). [3]
He cites examples of horizontal, vertical, crossed and "in cross" concentration (a Brazilian peculiarity). [38] Horizontal concentration: oligopoly or monopoly produced within an area or industry; television (pay or free) is the Brazilian classical model.
Diversification (marketing strategy) Diversification is a corporate strategy to enter into or start new products or product lines, new services or new markets, involving substantially different skills, technology and knowledge. Diversification is one of the four main growth strategies defined by Igor Ansoff in the Ansoff Matrix: [1] Products.
Vertical collaboration is the collaboration when two or more organizations from different levels or stages in supply chain share their responsibilities, resources, and performance information to serve relatively similar end customers; while horizontal collaboration is an inter-organizational systemrelationship between two or more companies at ...
Market foreclosure or vertical foreclosure, is the production limitation put on a producing organisation if either it is denied access to a supplier (upstream foreclosure), or it is denied access to a downstream buyer (downstream foreclosure). [1] A supplier or intermediary in a supply chain could acquire this form of market power against ...