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2. Quartz - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz

   Quartz. Quartz is a hard, crystalline mineral composed of silica (silicon dioxide). The atoms are linked in a continuous framework of SiO 4 silicon–oxygen tetrahedra, with each oxygen being shared between two tetrahedra, giving an overall chemical formula of SiO 2. Quartz is, therefore, classified structurally as a framework silicate mineral ...

3. Iceland spar - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland_spar

   Iceland spar is a colourless, transparent variety of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3). [3] It crystallizes in the trigonal system, typically forming rhombohedral crystals. [4] It has a Mohs hardness of 3 and exhibits double refraction, splitting a ray of light into two rays that travel at different speeds and directions. [3][5]

4. Smoky quartz - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoky_quartz

   Smoky quartz. Smoky quartz is a brownish grey, translucent variety of quartz that ranges in clarity from almost complete transparency to an almost-opaque brownish-gray or black crystals. [6] The color of smoky quartz is produced when natural radiation, emitted from the surrounding rock, activates color centers around aluminum impurities within ...

5. Chalcedony - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcedony

   Chalcedony. Chalcedony (/ kælˈsɛdəni / kal-SED-ə-nee, or / ˈkælsəˌdoʊni / KAL-sə-doh-nee) [2] is a cryptocrystalline form of silica, composed of very fine intergrowths of quartz and moganite. [3] These are both silica minerals, but they differ in that quartz has a trigonal crystal structure, while moganite is monoclinic.

6. Geode - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geode

   Geode. A geode (/ ˈdʒiː.oʊd /; from Ancient Greek γεώδης (geṓdēs) 'earthlike') is a geological secondary formation within sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Geodes are hollow, vaguely spherical rocks, in which masses of mineral matter (which may include crystals) are secluded. The crystals are formed by the filling of vesicles in ...

7. Herkimer diamond - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herkimer_diamond

   Herkimer diamonds are double-terminated quartz crystals discovered within exposed outcrops of dolomite in and around Herkimer County, New York, and the Mohawk River Valley in the US. [1][2] They are not diamonds; the "diamond" in their name is due to both their clarity and well formed faces. Because the first discovery sites were in the village ...