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  2. VSEPR theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VSEPR_theory

    The overall geometry is further refined by distinguishing between bonding and nonbonding electron pairs. The bonding electron pair shared in a sigma bond with an adjacent atom lies further from the central atom than a nonbonding (lone) pair of that atom, which is held close to its positively charged nucleus. VSEPR theory therefore views ...

  3. Trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonal_pyramidal...

    This would result in the geometry of a regular tetrahedron with each bond angle equal to arccos(− ⁠ 1 / 3 ⁠) ≈ 109.5°. However, the three hydrogen atoms are repelled by the electron lone pair in a way that the geometry is distorted to a trigonal pyramid (regular 3-sided pyramid) with bond angles of 107°.

  4. Bent's rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent's_rule

    [11] [12] This electron distance maximization happens to achieve the most stable electron distribution. [11] [12] The result of VSEPR theory is being able to predict bond angles with accuracy. According to VSEPR theory, the geometry of a molecule can be predicted by counting how many electron pairs and atoms are connected to a central atom.

  5. Molecular geometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_geometry

    This shape is found when there are four bonds all on one central atom, with no extra unshared electron pairs. In accordance with the VSEPR (valence-shell electron pair repulsion theory), the bond angles between the electron bonds are arccos(− ⁠ 1 / 3 ⁠) = 109.47°. For example, methane (CH 4) is a tetrahedral molecule.

  6. Triphenylphosphine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triphenylphosphine

    Triphenylphosphine (IUPAC name: triphenylphosphane) is a common organophosphorus compound with the formula P(C 6 H 5) 3 and often abbreviated to P Ph 3 or Ph 3 P. It is versatile compound that is widely used as a reagent in organic synthesis and as a ligand for transition metal complexes, including ones that serve as catalysts in organometallic chemistry.

  7. Bent molecular geometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent_molecular_geometry

    This geometry is almost always consistent with VSEPR theory, which usually explains non-collinearity of atoms with a presence of lone pairs. There are several variants of bending, where the most common is AX 2 E 2 where two covalent bonds and two lone pairs of the central atom (A) form a complete 8-electron shell .

  8. T-shaped molecular geometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-shaped_molecular_geometry

    The T-shaped geometry is related to the trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry for AX 5 molecules with three equatorial and two axial ligands. In an AX 3 E 2 molecule, the two lone pairs occupy two equatorial positions, and the three ligand atoms occupy the two axial positions as well as one equatorial position. The three atoms bond at 90 ...

  9. Polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhedral_skeletal...

    In chemistry the polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory (PSEPT) provides electron counting rules useful for predicting the structures of clusters such as borane and carborane clusters. The electron counting rules were originally formulated by Kenneth Wade , [ 1 ] and were further developed by others including Michael Mingos ; [ 2 ] they are ...