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One part per hundred thousand, per cent mille (pcm) or milli-percent denotes one part per 100,000 (10 5) parts, and a value of 10 −5. It is commonly used in epidemiology for mortality, crime and disease prevalence rates, and nuclear reactor engineering as a unit of reactivity.
The word promille is the cognate in Dutch, German, Finnish and Swedish, and is sometimes seen as a loanword in English with the same meaning as per mille. [7] [4] The symbol is included in the General Punctuation block of Unicode at U+2030 ‰ PER MILLE SIGN. [5] There is also an Arabic-Indic per mille sign at U+0609 ؉ ARABIC-INDIC PER MILLE SIGN.
Foraminifera samples. In geochemistry, paleoclimatology, and paleoceanography δ 13 C (pronounced "delta thirteen c") is an isotopic signature, a measure of the ratio of the two stable isotopes of carbon— 13 C and 12 C—reported in parts per thousand (per mil, ‰). [1]
Two very similar expressions for δ 15 N are in wide use in hydrology. [2] Both have the form ‰ (‰ = permil or parts per thousand) where s and a are the relative abundances of 15 N in respectively the sample and the atmosphere.
In most forms of English, percent is usually written as two words (per cent), although percentage and percentile are written as one word. [9] In American English, percent is the most common variant [10] (but per mille is written as two words). In the early 20th century, there was a dotted abbreviation form "per cent.", as opposed to "per cent".
The related concept of permille, or parts per thousand (ppt), means a denominator of 1000, and this parts-per notation is commonly used with larger denominators, such as million and billion, e.g. 75 parts per million (ppm) means that the proportion is 75 / 1 000 000 .
Gas blending is the process of mixing gases for a specific purpose where the composition of the resulting mixture is defined, and therefore, controlled. A wide range of applications include scientific and industrial processes, food production and storage and breathing gases.
In geochemistry, paleoclimatology and paleoceanography δ 18 O or delta-O-18 is a measure of the deviation in ratio of stable isotopes oxygen-18 (18 O) and oxygen-16 (16 O). It is commonly used as a measure of the temperature of precipitation, as a measure of groundwater/mineral interactions, and as an indicator of processes that show isotopic fractionation, like methanogenesis.