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Feudal fragmentation [1] is a process whereby a feudal state is split into smaller regional state structures, each characterized by significant autonomy, if not outright independence, and ruled by a high-ranking noble such as a prince or a duke.
The idea of feudalism was unknown and the system it describes was not conceived of as a formal political system by the people living in the medieval period. This section describes the history of the idea of feudalism, how the concept originated among scholars and thinkers, how it changed over time, and modern debates about its use.
Despite the great influence of White's book, his ideas of technological determinism were met with criticism in the following decades. It is agreed that cavalry replaced infantry in Carolingian France as the preferred mode of combat around the same time that feudalism emerged in that area, but whether this shift to cavalry was caused by the introduction of the stirrup is a contentious issue ...
Feudalism as practiced in the Kingdom of England during the medieval period was a system of political, military, and socio-economic organization based on land tenure. Designed to consolidate power and direct the wealth of the land to the king while providing military service to his causes, feudal society was structured around hierarchical ...
Feudalism in Italy was influenced by classical traditions and urban communes. The rise of city-states led to conflicts between merchants, nobles, and guilds, resulting in a fragmented political landscape. Feudalism was less prevalent in Italy compared to northern Europe. Feudalism in Spain was shaped by the Reconquista against Muslim rule.
The book's key purpose, discussed in the introduction, is to advance discussion of the origins of feudalism.Whereas Georges Duby and his successors had argued from the 1950s that the 'feudal revolution' began in France around the year 1000, but Dominique Barthélemy in the 1990s had led an argument that many of the changes happened around 900, but became obvious in the surviving source ...
As such, the early modern period is often associated with the decline and eventual disappearance (at least in Western Europe) of feudalism and serfdom. The Protestant Reformation greatly altered the religious balance of Christendom , creating a formidable new opposition to the dominance of the Catholic Church , especially in Northern Europe.
According to a 2014 study, "there was a 'little divergence' within Europe between 1300 and 1800: real wages in the North Sea Region more or less stabilized at the level attained after the Black Death, and remained relatively high (above subsistence) throughout the early modern period (and into the nineteenth century), whereas real wages in the ...